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首页> 外文学位 >Gender, Loneliness, and Friendship Satisfaction in Early Adulthood: The Role of Friendship Features and Friendship Expectations.
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Gender, Loneliness, and Friendship Satisfaction in Early Adulthood: The Role of Friendship Features and Friendship Expectations.

机译：成年初期的性别，孤独感和友谊满意度：友谊特征和友谊期望的作用。

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摘要

Three studies focus on an intriguing paradox in the associations between gender, friendship quality, and loneliness, and examine whether gender differences in friendship expectations help explain why the paradox occurs. Study 1 (n = 1761 college undergraduates) documents the three elements of this paradox: (1) females reported higher levels of various positive features in their friendships than did males; (2) higher levels of positive friendship features were associated with lower levels of loneliness; and (3) males and females reported similar levels of loneliness. Consistent with this paradox, when friendship features were statistically controlled, a statistical suppression effect was found such that females reported higher levels of loneliness than did males.;Study 2 (n = 1008 young adults aged 18 to 29) replicated each of the findings from Study 1 using a revised and expanded measure that reliably assessed a broader set of distinct friendship features. In addition to measuring friendship features and loneliness, Study 2 also examined friendship satisfaction, and here too a striking suppression effect emerged. Specifically, although females reported slightly higher levels of friendship satisfaction than did males, females reported lower levels of friendship satisfaction than did males when friendship features were statistically controlled. Another noteworthy finding was that several friendship features were more strongly related to friendship satisfaction for females than they were for males, suggesting that females may be more "sensitive" to subtle variations in friendship features than are males.;Study 3 (n = 419 young adults aged 18 to 29) further replicated the suppression effects observed in Studies 1 and 2, and was designed to learn whether gender differences in friendship expectations would help explain the paradox and suppression effects. Two different facets of friendship expectations were hypothesized and assessed with newly developed, highly reliable measures of each facet. The first facet, referred to as "feature-specific friendship expectations," focused on the degree to which individuals expect a best friendship to be characterized by each of the friendship features that were assessed in Study 2. The second facet, referred to as "feature-specific friendship standards," focused on identifying where individuals "set the bar" in deciding whether or not a friend's actions have fulfilled expectations in various friendship feature domains.;Gender differences were found for both facets of friendship expectations with females generally having higher expectations for their friends than did males. The two facets were only moderately correlated, and related in distinct ways to other variables of interest. Findings indicated that higher levels of feature-specific friendship expectations were generally associated with more positive functioning in the social domain (i.e., higher levels of positive friendship features and friendship satisfaction), whereas higher levels of feature-specific friendship standards were associated with potentially more problematic functioning (i.e., more negative responses to ambiguous violations of friendship expectations).;Study 3 also tested the hypothesis that discrepancies between feature-specific friendship expectations and the quality of a person's best friendship on each of the same features are associated with loneliness and also with friendship satisfaction. Polynomial regression analysis, rather than the traditional difference score approach, was used to test this hypothesis. The discrepancy hypothesis was not supported with regard to either loneliness or friendship satisfaction; possible explanations for this finding are discussed.;Together, findings from the three studies provide evidence of the replicability of the observed paradox, identify friendship quality as a suppressor variable on gender differences in loneliness and friendship satisfaction, and provide evidence for the existence of two distinct facets of friendship expectations. Results from this dissertation suggest important directions for future research designed to better understand the linkages among gender, social cognition, and social experience in contributing to emotional well-being for young adults.
机译：三项研究的重点是性别，友谊质量和孤独之间的联系中的一个有趣的悖论，并研究了友谊期望中的性别差异是否有助于解释为什么发生悖论。研究1（n = 1761名大学生）记录了这一悖论的三个要素：（1）女性在友谊中表现出各种积极特征的水平高于男性； （2）较高的积极友谊特征与较低的孤独感相关； （3）男性和女性报告的孤独程度相似。与这个悖论相一致，当对友谊特征进行统计学控制时，发现统计学上的抑制作用使得女性报告的孤独感高于男性。研究2（n = 1008位18至29岁的年轻人）重复了每个发现。研究1使用修订和扩展的方法，该方法可靠地评估了更广泛的独特友谊特征。除了衡量友谊的特征和孤独之外，研究2还研究了友谊的满意度，在这里也出现了惊人的抑制效果。具体而言，尽管女性报告的友谊满意度水平略高于男性，但在统计学上控制了友谊特征后，女性报告的友谊满意度水平低于男性。另一个值得注意的发现是，与男性相比，女性的几个友谊特征与友谊满意度之间的关系更为密切，这表明女性对友谊特征的细微变化可能比男性更“敏感”。研究3（n = 419年轻） 18至29岁的成年人）进一步复制了研究1和研究2中观察到的抑制作用，旨在了解友谊期望中的性别差异是否有助于解释这种悖论和抑制作用。对友谊期望的两个不同方面进行了假设，并使用每个方面的最新开发的高度可靠的方法进行了评估。第一个方面称为“特定于功能的友谊期望”，着眼于个人期望最佳友谊以研究2中评估的每个友谊特征为特征的程度。第二个方面称为“特定于功能的友谊标准”，着眼于确定个人在确定朋友的行为在各个友谊特征领域中是否达到期望值方面的“标准”。在女性对友谊期望值的两个方面都发现了性别差异，而女性的期望值通常更高对朋友的期望比男性更高。这两个方面只是适度相关，并且以不同的方式与其他关注变量相关。研究结果表明，较高的特定于特征的友谊期望通常与社交领域中的更多积极功能相关（即较高水平的正面友好特征和友谊满意度），而较高水平的特定于特征的友谊标准可能与更多有问题的功能（即，对友谊期望的模棱两可的违反行为的否定反应）。研究3还检验了以下假设：特定特征的友谊期望与一个人在每个相同特征上的最佳友谊质量之间的差异与孤独感和也对友谊感到满意。多项式回归分析而不是传统的差异评分法被用来检验该假设。孤独或友情满意度不支持差异假说。讨论了这一发现的可能解释。在一起，这三项研究的发现共同提供了所观察到的悖论的可复制性，将友谊质量确定为孤独感和友谊满意度上性别差异的抑制变量，并提供了两个证据的存在的证据。友谊期望的不同方面。论文的结果为今后的研究提供了重要的方向，旨在更好地理解性别，社会认知和社会经验之间的联系，从而为年轻人的情感幸福做出贡献。

著录项

  • 作者

    Weeks, Molly Keenan Stroud.;

  • 作者单位

    Duke University.;

  • 授予单位 Duke University.;
  • 学科 Psychology Social.;Psychology Developmental.;Psychology General.;Gender Studies.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2013
  • 页码 332 p.
  • 总页数 332
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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