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Naturalistic decision making in aviation: Understanding the decision making process of experienced naval aviators during novel or unexpected situations in flight.

机译：航空中的自然决策：了解有经验的海军飞行员在新型或意外飞行情况下的决策过程。

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This study examines the decision making process of experienced naval aviators during novel or unexpected situations in flight. Specifically, the study focuses on problems that these aviators encountered and examines what information and strategies were used by these individuals in dealing with their issues.; Eleven experienced F/A-18 naval aviators were interviewed using the Critical Decision Method. Data from these interviews was then analyzed in two steps: (a) first, separately for each participant (within-participant analysis); and then (b) across participants (between-participant analysis) in order to identify themes and patterns that emerged. Additionally, two member checks occurred during the study, after each step of data analysis.; Findings of the study address the following six areas: (a) the types of problems that arose; (b) how the aviators identified problems as novel or unexpected; (c) how the aviators first identified the existence of a problem; (d) cues and factors that were noticed and considered by the aviators throughout their decision making process; (e) strategies utilized by the aviators; and (f) difficulties that the aviators encountered in selecting and implementing these strategies.; Findings of the study are discussed in relation to the literature on decision making, aviation, and human factors. Support is found for Klein's Recognition-Primed Decision model, Orasanu and Fischer's Aviation Decision-Process model, and Endsley's work on situation awareness. Additionally, the findings identify the importance of two contextual factors in the aviation environment that have not been addressed previously: (a) the purpose of the flight (combat versus non-combat); and (b) the flight operation environment (shore-based versus carrier-based). These two factors were found to influence each other in addition to impacting the saliency of certain cues and factors for the aviators. Based on these findings, a model of the Aviator Decision Making Process is developed, thereby contributing to current aviation decision making theory. Implications of the findings for practice are discussed, including the importance of educating aviators on cues and factors that they should be considering in various types of situations, such as when flying off of aircraft carriers or engaging in combat. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are also provided.

机译：这项研究考察了经验丰富的海军飞行员在飞行中新颖或意外情况下的决策过程。具体而言，该研究着眼于这些飞行员遇到的问题，并研究了这些人在处理其问题时使用了哪些信息和策略。使用关键决策方法采访了11名经验丰富的F / A-18海军飞行员。然后分两个步骤分析这些访谈的数据：（a）首先，针对每个参与者分别进行（参与者内分析）；然后（b）在参与者之间（参与者之间的分析）以识别出现的主题和模式。此外，在数据分析的每个步骤之后，在研究过程中进行了两次成员检查。研究的结果涉及以下六个领域：（a）出现的问题类型；（b）飞行员如何确定问题是新颖的还是未曾预料到的；（c）飞行员如何首先确定问题的存在；（d）飞行员在整个决策过程中注意到和考虑的线索和因素；（e）飞行员采用的策略；（f）飞行员在选择和实施这些战略时遇到的困难；结合有关决策，航空和人为因素的文献对研究结果进行了讨论。找到了对Klein的识别为主导的决策模型，Orasanu和Fischer的航空决策过程模型以及Endsley在态势感知方面的工作的支持。此外，调查结果还确定了航空环境中两个以前尚未解决的背景因素的重要性：（a）飞行的目的（战斗与非战斗）；（b）飞行运行环境（陆上与舰载）。发现这两个因素除了会影响某些提示的显着性和影响飞行员的因素外，还会相互影响。基于这些发现，开发了飞行员决策过程的模型，从而为当前的航空决策理论做出了贡献。讨论了研究结果对实践的影响，包括对飞行员进行提示和在各种情况下（例如，从航空母舰上起飞或进行战斗时应考虑的因素）进行教育的重要性。还提供了研究的局限性和对未来研究的建议。

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作者
Denihan, Melissa Beth.;
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作者单位

The George Washington University.;

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授予单位 The George Washington University.;
学科 Psychology Cognitive.; Psychology Industrial.
学位 Ed.D.
年度 2005
页码 264 p.
总页数 264
原文格式 PDF
正文语种 eng
中图分类心理学;工业心理学;
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机译：马尔可夫决策过程在澳大利亚海军航空培训时间表中的使用
2. The Use of Markov Decision Processes for Australian Naval Aviation Training Schedules [J] . Suvorova Sofi, Novak Ana, Moran Bill, Military operations research . 2019,第2期

机译：利用马尔可夫决策流程为澳大利亚海军航空培训时间表
3. Naturalistic decision making in forensic science: toward a better understanding of decision making by forensic team leaders. [J] . Helsloot I, Groenendaal J Journal of forensic sciences. . 2011,第4期

机译：法医科学中的自然决策：对法医团队负责人的决策有更好的了解。
4. Decision Making in Naval Aviation: Contextual Factors Influencing Cue and Factor Saliency [C] . Melissa B. Denihan Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society(HFES 2007); 20071001-05; Baltimore,MA(US) . 2007

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5. The effect of computer interactive simulation on situational decision-making and competency development of experienced staff nurses [D] . Peterson, Bonnie L. 2012

机译：计算机交互模拟对经验丰富的护士的情境决策和能力发展的影响
6. Understanding and shifting drug-related decisions: Contributions of automatic decision-making processes [O] . Kenneth M. Carpenter, Gillinder Bedi, Nehal P. Vadhan -1

机译：理解和改变与毒品有关的决策：自动决策过程的贡献
7. Decision-making is the process of analyzing information about a problem situation and comparing it to a specific conclusion in order to solve a specific problematic (Yıkılmaz, 2001; Miller and Byrnes, 2001). Decision-making styles are a mechanism that is influenced by the internal and external conditions that determine the direction of the decisions of the individual, the content of the decision-making process, and the outcome of the decision-making process (Payne, Bettman and Johson, 1993; Bavol’ár and Orosová, 2015). ACT is a contemporary member of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy family. ACT (Acceptance and commitment therapy) has both similar and different directions with Behavioral Therapies and Cognitive Therapies (Herbet and Forman, 2011; Hayes, 2004). KKT responds to classical behavioral treatments using both existential and cognitive approaches in the analysis of behavior. KKT is a science wing that tries to solve human problems with a wider perspective aimed at solving problematic human behaviors (Plumb, Stewart, Dahl and Lundgren, 2009). It is seen that there is very little research about the new approach of ACT approach when the aiming country of our country is screened and it is thought that our country will contribute to the field of psychological counseling with the work done. In the scope of the research, experimental and control groups and preliminary test, post-test and follow-up measurements of 2x3 experimental design were used. The study's study group consists of a total of 24 (12 experimental and 12 control groups) university students studying in different departments and levels, continuing their education in the academic year of 2015-2016 in Ağrı province and İbrahim Chechen University in 2015-2016 academic year. The average age of participants in the experiment and control group is 20. There were 12 participants in the experimental group, 7 female and 5 male, and 12 participants, 7 female and 5 male in the control group. Personal Information Form and Decision Making Style Scale prepared by the researcher were used in the research. In order to decide on the tests to be used in the course of analyzing the data, the scores of the participant's Decision Styles Scale pre-test, which are placed primarily in the experimental and control groups, it was analyzed whether the basic expectations of parametric tests were answered. As a result of the analysis made, the scores, skewness and kurtosis coefficients obtained from the Decision Making Styles Scale were given to the experimental and control groups. It was determined that the distribution was normal in the result of Shapiro-Wilk test, in which the skewness and kurtosis coefficients of each sub-scale were ranked between -1 and +1. Participants in the experimental and control groups; homogeneity test results for decision-style pre-test measurements indicate that the data are homogeneous. According to the results of the Mauchly Globalness Test, it has been determined that working supports the hypothesis. It was determined that there was no significant difference between the pre-test scores obtained from dependent decision-making style of experiment and control groups, but the test group showed lower mean scores at the significant level within the scores of post-test and follow-up tests. Therefore, it can be said that the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group reduces the dependent decision-making style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions and the psychoeducation program has a lasting effect. It was determined that there was no significant difference between pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores obtained from the Spontaneous-Instant Decision Style of experiment and control groups. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not cause a significant difference in the Spontaneous-Decision-Making Style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The ACT -oriented psychoeducation program had a decline in the intuitive decision-making styles of the individuals, but this decrease did not create significant differences. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not make a meaningful difference in the intuitive decision style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the KKT oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The pre-test scores obtained from the rational decision-making style of the experimental and control groups showed that there was a difference between the post-test and the follow-up scores, but this difference was not significant. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the test group had higher levels of rational decision style than the pre - test scores in the post test and follow - up scores, whereas the post test and follow - up test scores in the control group rational decision style showed a decrease compared to the pre - test scores. the pre - test scores. Decision-making Styles Scale Avoidant Decision Making As a result of the analysis of the mean scores of the subscale scores of pre-test, post-test and follow-up measures, the group effect was found to be insignificant. It was determined that the experimental and control groups differed significantly from the pre-test scores obtained from the avoidant decision-making style but did not show any significant change within the scores of the post-test and follow-up tests. [O] . mustafa ercengiz, ali haydar şar 2018

机译：决策是分析有关问题情况的信息并将其与特定结论进行比较的过程，以解决特定的问题（Yıkılmaz，2001; Miller和Byrnes，2001）。决策风格是一种机制，受到内部和外部条件的影响，确定个人决定的方向，决策过程的内容以及决策过程的结果（PAYNE，BETTMAN和BEDNE） Johson，1993;Bavol'ár和奥萨洛瓦，2015）。法案是认知行为治疗家庭的当代成员。行为（验收和承诺治疗）具有与行为疗法和认知疗法的类似和不同方向（Herbet和Forman，2011; Hayes，2004）。 KKT在分析行为中使用存在性和认知方法来响应古典行为治疗方法。 KKT是一个科学翼，试图解决人类问题，旨在解决有问题的人类行为（铅垂，斯图尔特，Dahl和Lundgren，2009）。有人认为，当我们国家的瞄准国家进行筛选时，有关行动方法的新方法几乎没有研究，并且认为我们的国家将为完成工作做出贡献的心理咨询领域。在研究的范围内，使用实验和对照组和初步测试，使用后测试和后续测量的2x3实验设计。该研究的研究小组包括共24名（12个实验和12个对照组）大学学生在不同的部门和水平上学习，在2015-2016学术上继续进行2015-2016的学术年度2015-2016学年年。实验和对照组参与者的平均年龄是20.实验组中有12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性，12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性。研究人员准备的个人信息表格和决策制定风格规模在研究中使用。为了决定在分析数据的过程中使用的测试，参与者的决策风格刻度预测的分数主要在实验和对照组中进行，分析了参数的基本期望吗？测试得到了回答。由于对实验和对照组给出了从决策曲调标度获得的分数，偏移和峰度分子系数。确定该分布是正常的在成熟的-WILK试验结果中，其中每亚级的偏差和刚度系数在-1到+1之间排名。实验和对照组的参与者;决策式预测测量的同质性测试结果表明数据是均匀的。根据毛毛环保试验的结果，已确定工作支持假设。据确定，从依赖决策风格的实验和对照组获得的预测分数之间没有显着差异，但测试组在测试后的分数内显示出较低的平均分数和后续的分数 - 测试。因此，可以说，应用于实验组的面向活动的心理教育程序减少了决策风格子维度的依赖决策风格分数，并且心理教育程序具有持久的效果。据确定，从实验和对照组自发决策风格获得的预测试，测试后和后续评分之间没有显着差异。因此，可以说这种情况不会导致从应用于实验组的活动导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数的自发决策风格分数显着差异。行为的心理教育计划在个人直观的决策风格下降，但这种减少并没有产生显着的差异。因此，可以说，这种情况不会在从应用于实验组的KKT导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数中产生有意义的决策风格分数。从实验和对照组的理性决策风格获得的预测分数显示后检验后和随访评分之间存在差异，但这种差异并不重要。由于分析，确定测试组的理性决策风格较高，而不是后测试和后续分数的预测分数，而对照组合理决策风格的后测试和后续测试分数显示出与预测试分数相比的减少。预测分数。决策款式扩展避免决策由于分析了预测试，测试后和后续措施的班次评分的平均分数，发现群体效应是微不足道的。确定实验和对照组从避免决策风格获得的预测评分中显着不同，但在测试后和后续测试的分数内没有显示出任何重大变化。

Naturalistic decision making in aviation: Understanding the decision making process of experienced naval aviators during novel or unexpected situations in flight.

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