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A processing approach to the working memory/long-term memory distinction: Evidence from a Levels-of-Processing Span task.

机译：一种工作记忆/长期记忆区别的处理方法：来自“处理级别跨度”任务的证据。

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摘要

Recent studies have raised questions about the extent to which working memory (WM) is dissociable from secondary or long-term memory (LTM). Although many similarities may exist between immediate retrieval on WM span tasks and delayed retrieval on LTM tests, important differences exist as well. To illustrate this point, Craik and Tulving's classic levels-of-processing paradigm was adapted for use in a WM span task: Participants made visual, phonological, or semantic judgments about 33 words using the same stimuli and instructions as Craik and Tulving (1975), but were to recall words immediately after every 3 or 8 words (rather than after all words were processed). In the context of this WM span task (Experiment 1), no benefit of deeper processing occurred on immediate recall, even though subsequent recognition of the same items showed the classic levels-of-processing effect. However, when words were processed in the same way but immediate recall was not required (Experiment 2), surprise immediate recall tests did demonstrate a levels-of-processing effect, but only for supraspan (8-item) lists. These results demonstrate both similarities and differences between WM and LTM. One way these disparate effects can be reconciled is within a transfer-appropriate-processing account of the WM/LTM distinction. That is, the WM/LTM distinction depends on the extent to which there is a match (or mismatch) between the processes that are used for initial encoding and subsequent retrieval. For example, when WM tests involved intentional encoding and active maintenance of to-be-remembered words (Experiment 1), a levels-of-processing effect was not observed. However, for surprise recall of supraspan (8-item) lists in Experiment 2, initial processing was not directed at temporary maintenance for immediate recall (because the test came as a surprise), which made this situation similar to the LTM task. Under these conditions, a levels-of-processing effect (like that observed on LTM tasks) was observed on the WM span task, consistent with a transfer-appropriate-processing account of the WM/LTM distinction.
机译：最近的研究提出了关于工作记忆（WM）与二级或长期记忆（LTM）分离的程度的问题。尽管在WM跨度任务的立即检索与LTM测试的延迟检索之间可能存在许多相似之处，但也存在重要的差异。为了说明这一点，Craik和Tulving的经典处理水平范式适用于WM跨度任务：参与者使用与Craik和Tulving（1975）相同的刺激和说明对33个单词进行视觉，语音或语义判断。 ，但每3或8个字之后立即召回一个字（而不是在处理完所有字之后）。在此WM跨度任务（实验1）的上下文中，即使立即识别相同的项目显示出经典的处理效果，也不会立即召回进行更深处理。但是，当以相同的方式处理单词但不需要立即召回时（实验2），令人惊讶的立即召回测试确实显示出一定程度的处理效果，但仅适用于超文本（8个项目）列表。这些结果证明了WM和LTM之间的异同。可以调和这些不同影响的一种方法是在WM / LTM区别的适当转移处理帐户中进行。也就是说，WM / LTM的区别取决于用于初始编码和后续检索的进程之间存在匹配（或不匹配）的程度。例如，当WM测试涉及故意编码和要记忆单词的主动维护（实验1）时，未观察到处理水平的效果。但是，为了使实验2中的超文本（8个项目）列表意外地被召回，初始处理并未针对临时维护以立即召回（因为测试出乎意料），这使得这种情况类似于LTM任务。在这些条件下，在WM跨度任务上观察到了一定程度的处理效果（类似于在LTM任务上观察到的效果），这与WM / LTM区别的适当传输处理说明一致。

著录项

  • 作者

    Rose, Nathan Scott.;

  • 作者单位

    Washington University in St. Louis.;

  • 授予单位 Washington University in St. Louis.;
  • 学科 Psychology Cognitive.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2010
  • 页码 103 p.
  • 总页数 103
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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