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首页> 外文学位 >'Education without Discrimination': A Study of Mid and Late Ming Scholar-officials' Change of Attitude to the Eunuchs and the Significances of Their Resultant Actions.
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'Education without Discrimination': A Study of Mid and Late Ming Scholar-officials' Change of Attitude to the Eunuchs and the Significances of Their Resultant Actions.

机译：“没有歧视的教育”：明中后期士大夫对太监态度的转变及其产生的意义。

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摘要

This dissertation studies the attitudes and actions of scholar-officials to the eunuchs in the Ming dynasty. From the perspective of political and cultural interaction, it explores how scholar-officials coped with changes in the political structures and political ecologies in which eunuch politics became a major issue of government. It examines scholar-officials' thinking and action in dealing with the eunuchs while attempting to implement their political ideal when monarchical despotism reigned in Ming times.;The study finds that there are important changes in scholar-officials' attitudes in mid and late Ming times. Instead of discrimination against eunuchs they tended to see eunuchs as their equal as human beings. They believed that eunuchs have similar human nature and humaneness as theirs, and advocated making them good imperial servants by moral and civil education. They adopted an approach that government improvement can be achieved by "transforming" the eunuchs through a Confucian-based education and recognizing the eunuch's significant role and status in the imperial government.;Mid and late Ming scholar-officials were eager to put their new ideas into actions. They were keen in reviving the Nei Shu Tang, the eunuch school in the palace and in writing books specially intended to educate the eunuchs. These books have a common focus on the eunuch's moral sense. Good and bad examples from history are cited to encourage them to get rid of evil thought and action and to cultivate their good sense to serve their monarchs and the imperial court well and loyally, thus also to help improve the monarch's character and enhance his virtues. I consider such effort by mid and late Ming scholar-officials to improve the emperor through educating the eunuchs a key form of upper-level statecraft.;The research finds that the Zhong Jianlu (Mirror of the Eunuchs) written in the very beginning of the Wanli period by Wang Ji, the most famous student of Wang Yangming, was a very effective education book for enlightening the eunuchs. The success of the book owes much to the respect and sympathy it show for the eunuchs. It considers them as ordinary human beings with conscience and good will rather than discriminating them by traditional prejudice. By contrast, the Diaodang Shijian (Historical Mirror of the Eunuchs) written by Zhang Shize in the middle period of the Wanli emperor, although also aiming to educate the eunuchs, failed to attract them because of a different approach to its presentation. These two examples shows that whether an education book was accepted by the eunuchs depends on whether it responded aptly to eunuch population's increase in knowledge and cultural achievement, as well as eunuchs' awareness of their importance in late Ming times.;In conclusion, this dissertation presents the following three views. First, the relationship between the scholar-officials and the eunuchs, which was often considered in oppositional or conflicting terms, was more complex and diverse. Scholar-officials in mid and late Ming times came to realize, and emphasized, that their political culture should be shared by the eunuchs. Second, Ming scholar-officials were pragmatic attempting to rectify their monarchs by educating the eunuchs, who were their immediate servant. This also shows that scholar-officials still had strong interest in influencing the monarch with their ideals and values at the highest level of imperial government. Third, scholar-officials' consideration of eunuchs as their fellow human beings capable of being educated for good heart and behavior suggests that the Confucian value system worked in a positive way only when abiding to the reality of political and social life. The practice of Confucian learning finds expression and meaning not in empty theories.
机译：本文研究了明代士官对太监的态度和行为。从政治和文化互动的角度出发，它探讨了学者官员如何应对政治结构和政治生态的变化，在这种变化中，e官政治成为政府的主要议题。它考察了明代君主专制统治时期试图实现政治理想的士官对付太监的思想和行动。研究发现，明代中后期士官态度发生了重要变化。 。他们没有歧视太监，而是倾向于将太监视为与人类平等。他们认为太监具有与他们相似的人性和人性，并主张通过道德和公民教育使他们成为好皇室的仆人。他们采取了一种方法，即通过以儒家为基础的教育“转变”太监，并认识到太监在皇帝政府中的重要作用和地位，就可以实现政府的改善。中晚期的明代士官都渴望提出他们的新思想。付诸行动。他们热衷于复兴内殿的太监学校内书堂，并写书专门教育太监。这些书共同关注太监的道德观念。列举了历史上的好事和坏事，以鼓励他们摆脱邪恶的思想和行动，并养成良好的意识，为君主和皇室服务，以忠实和忠诚，从而也有助于改善君主的品格和提高他的美德。我认为明代中晚期学者的这种努力是通过教育太监来改善皇帝的，这是高层政治的一种重要形式。研究发现，钟建禄（《太监镜》）始于清初。王阳明最著名的学生王吉的万历年间，是一本非常有效的启蒙太监的教育书。这本书的成功很大程度上要归功于它对太监的尊重和同情。它认为他们是有良心和善意的普通人，而不是通过传统的偏见加以区别。相比之下，张十则在万历皇帝中期撰写的《 the堂史鉴》，虽然也旨在教育太监，但由于呈现方式不同而未能吸引他们。这两个例子表明，一本教书是否被太监所接受，取决于它是否对太监人口的知识和文化成就的增长作出了适当的反应，以及太监对明代末期太监的重要性的认识。呈现以下三个视图。首先，通常被以对立或冲突的术语考虑的士官与太监之间的关系更加复杂多样。明代中晚期的士大夫意识到并强调，他们的政治文化应由太监分享。其次，明代士大夫们务实地试图通过教育作为其直接仆人的太监来纠正其君主。这也表明，学者官员仍然对在最高帝国政府的理想和价值观影响君主怀有浓厚的兴趣。第三，学者官员认为太监是有同情心，有良好行为能力的同胞，这表明儒家价值体系只有在遵守政治和社会生活的前提下才能发挥积极作用。儒家学习的实践并非在空洞的理论中找到表达和意义。

著录项

  • 作者

    Wu, Zhaofeng.;

  • 作者单位

    The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong).;

  • 授予单位 The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong).;
  • 学科 History Asia Australia and Oceania.;Education History of.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2012
  • 页码 342 p.
  • 总页数 342
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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