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How the built environment influences non-work travel: Theoretical and empirical essays.

机译：建筑环境如何影响非工作旅行：理论和经验论文。

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Characteristics of the built environment include the arrangement of land uses, transportation infrastructure, and neighborhood design. Built environment policies are hypothesized to influence congestion- and pollution-causing auto use by affecting the convenience of travel by different modes. But after decades of empirical research measuring the strength of built environment influences on travel, theories remain poorly articulated and empirical research contradictory.; In the first essay, I argue that the built environment can be expected to influence the quality, quantity and price of traveling to out-of-home activities. Travel choices depend crucially on how the built environment simultaneously affects characteristics of travel by all modes. The proposed theoretical framework provides a means of organizing common hypotheses about the built environment and travel, leading to an increased understanding of interrelationships, better interpretations of existing studies, and improved empirical strategies for future research.; The second essay is an empirical study on how development density influences out-of-home non-work activity participation and auto use, using data from a survey that I carried out in San Diego and the San Francisco Bay Area from November 2003 to April 2004. Density's most significant influences are not on the ease of reaching activities on foot or via transit, but on the difficulty of using the auto and, to a lesser extent, on the quality of walking. Previous contradictory empirical findings likely suffer from omitted variable bias.; The third essay investigates the hypothesis that densely-developed neighborhoods with walking access to retail shops, good transit service, and finely-meshed street grids attract households who prefer to walk and take transit. If so, observed relationships between the built environment and travel may reflect a residential sorting process rather than an exogenous effect of the built environment on travel. I theorize that residential self-selection is imperfect with respect to non-work accessibility, and show that accounting for pre-existing travel-related preferences increases the explanatory power of statistical models but reveals relatively little bias in conventional analysis.
机译：建筑环境的特征包括土地用途的安排，交通基础设施和邻里设计。假定建筑环境政策会通过影响不同模式的出行便利性来影响导致拥堵和污染的汽车使用。但是，经过数十年的实证研究，测量了建筑环境对旅行的影响的强度后，理论仍然缺乏清晰的表述，并且实证研究相互矛盾。在第一篇文章中，我认为建筑环境会影响到户外活动的质量，数量和价格。出行选择主要取决于建筑环境如何同时影响所有方式的出行特征。拟议的理论框架提供了一种组织关于建筑环境和旅行的常见假设的方法，从而使人们对相互关系有了更深入的了解，对现有研究的更好解释，并为未来研究改进了经验策略。第二篇文章是关于发展密度如何影响户外非工作活动参与和汽车使用的实证研究，使用的是我从2003年11月至2004年4月在圣地亚哥和旧金山湾区进行的一项调查数据密度的最重要影响不是步行或通过公交方式到达活动的难易程度，而是使用汽车的难度，并在较小程度上影响步行的质量。先前矛盾的经验发现可能会遭受遗漏的变量偏差。第三篇文章调查了以下假设：人口稠密的社区可以步行前往零售商店，良好的公交服务以及网眼细密的网格吸引着那些愿意步行和乘公交的家庭。如果这样，观察到的建筑环境与旅行之间的关系可能反映了住宅的分类过程，而不是建筑环境对旅行的外在影响。我从理论上说，就非工作可及性而言，居民的自我选择是不完善的，并表明考虑到先前存在的出行相关偏好会增加统计模型的解释能力，但在传统分析中显示出相对较少的偏见。

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