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首页> 外文学位 >Biodiesel Relative Risk: A Qualitative Approach to Determining the Environmental Fate of Animal Fat and Soy Biodiesels through a Direct Experimental Comparison with Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel and Screening Model Simulations using Hydrocarbon Spill Screening Model.
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Biodiesel Relative Risk: A Qualitative Approach to Determining the Environmental Fate of Animal Fat and Soy Biodiesels through a Direct Experimental Comparison with Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel and Screening Model Simulations using Hydrocarbon Spill Screening Model.

机译：生物柴油相对风险：通过与超低硫柴油的直接实验比较以及使用碳氢化合物泄漏筛选模型进行的筛选模型模拟，确定动物脂肪和大豆生物柴油环境命运的定性方法。

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摘要

As part of a multimedia relative risk assessment of biodiesel, small scale infiltration experiments, called "Ant Farm Experiments" were done to simulate and qualitatively evaluate the impacts of biodiesel fate and mobility in the subsurface compared directly to Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD). ULSD is the current standard fuel in the state of California. It has been accepted for use statewide and nationally so it was used as a reference fuel for the relative comparison to determine if there were significant differences in the environmental fate of several organically derived biodiesels. For the purpose of the study, the two most feasible and readily available biodiesel feedstocks were used: Animal Fat and Soybean Oil. Experiments were run with a pure fuel (B100) and a blended fuel (B20) for both Animal Fat Biodiesel and Soy Biodiesel in a relative setting to qualitatively compare the differences in infiltration and lens formation.;The relative infiltration experiments were compared through several metrics. The first metric is the relative amount of spreading of the plumes at the water table. The second metric is the relative thickness of the lens at the water table. The third and fourth metrics are relative residuals (colorimetric, i.e. darker color implies higher residuals) in the vadose zone during and at the end of the experiment, respectively.;The experiments found that neither Soy B100 nor Soy B20 have noticeable differences compared to ULSD. The Animal Fat B20 does not appear to have any noticeable differences compared to ULSD either. However, the Animal Fat B100 appears to be much less mobile than the ULSD due to its higher viscosity at temperatures below 20 degrees Celsius. There was a noticeable difference in the amount of residual fuel along the vadose zone downward migration path that occurred in the Animal Fat B100 compared to the ULSD. In addition, the ULSD lens was much more developed than the Animal Fat B100 lens.;Further study was done using the Hydrocarbon Spill Screening Model (HSSM) to determine if there were any significant differences between the Soy B100 and the ULSD. The simulation was done for a 29000 gallon spill on three different soils: sand, silt, and clay. The results of the modeling simulations showed that there was very low mobility for the silt and the clay. Neither fuel was able to get to the water table four meters below the ground surface within a reasonable amount of time (2500 simulated days). The simulation with sand showed that the ULSD and the Soy B100 were very similar in the spreading and also in the lens thickness. While HSSM is a quasi-three-dimensional model (one-dimensional vertical infiltration and radial lens spreading) and the experiments were only two-dimensional, the similarities show that the Soy B100 and the ULSD are not noticeably different in their subsurface fate. HSSM model simulations with Animal Fat Biodiesel were not compared to the Animal Fat experiments since HSSM was only run at twenty degrees Celsius. At twenty degrees Celsius, the fuel properties of Animal Fat B100 are approximately the same as Soy B100. As a result, the biodiesel fuels tested in this research did not demonstrate any higher relative risk than that of ULSD with regards to the mobility and lens formation at the water table.
机译：作为生物柴油多媒体相对风险评估的一部分，与超低硫柴油（ULSD）相比，进行了名为“蚂蚁农场实验”的小规模渗透实验，以模拟和定性评估生物柴油在地下的命运和迁移率的影响。 ULSD是加利福尼亚州当前的标准燃料。它已在全州和全国范围内使用，因此可以用作相对比较的参考燃料，以确定几种有机衍生生物柴油的环境命运是否存在重大差异。为了研究的目的，使用了两种最可行和最容易获得的生物柴油原料：动物脂肪和大豆油。对动物脂肪生物柴油和大豆生物柴油的纯燃料（B100）和混合燃料（B20）进行了实验，以定性比较渗透和晶状体形成的差异。通过几个指标比较了相对渗透实验。第一个度量是水柱中羽流散布的相对量。第二个度量是镜片在水位处的相对厚度。第三和第四指标分别是在实验过程中和实验结束时在渗流区内的相对残留量（比色，即较深的颜色表示较高的残留量）。实验发现与ULSD相比，Soy B100和Soy B20均无明显差异。与ULSD相比，动物脂肪B20似乎也没有任何显着差异。但是，由于动物脂肪B100在20摄氏度以下的温度下具有较高的粘度，因此其流动性似乎比ULSD小得多。与ULSD相比，动物脂肪B100中沿渗流区向下迁移路径的残留燃料量存在明显差异。此外，ULSD镜片比Animal Fat B100镜片要发达得多。;进一步的研究是使用烃泄漏筛查模型（HSSM）进行的，以确定大豆B100与ULSD之间是否存在任何显着差异。针对在三种不同的土壤上的29000加仑的溢油进行了模拟，这些土壤分别是沙子，淤泥和粘土。建模模拟的结果表明，粉砂和粘土的迁移率非常低。在合理的时间内（2500个模拟天），两种燃料都无法到达地下4米的地下水位。用沙子进行的模拟表明，ULSD和Soy B100在铺展以及镜片厚度方面非常相似。 HSSM是准三维模型（一维垂直渗透和放射状晶状体散布），而实验只是二维的，相似之处表明Soy B100和ULSD的表面命运没有明显不同。由于HSSM仅在20摄氏度下运行，因此未将使用动物脂肪生物柴油进行的HSSM模型模拟与动物脂肪实验进行比较。在20摄氏度时，动物脂肪B100的燃料性质与大豆B100大致相同。结果，本研究中测试的生物柴油燃料在水位移动性和晶状体形成方面没有表现出比ULSD更高的相对风险。

著录项

  • 作者

    Hatch, Tyler.;

  • 作者单位

    University of California, Davis.;

  • 授予单位 University of California, Davis.;
  • 学科 Hydrology.;Engineering Civil.
  • 学位 M.S.
  • 年度 2011
  • 页码 320 p.
  • 总页数 320
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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