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Exploring Message-Induced Ambivalence and Its Correlates: A Focus on Message Environment, Issue Salience, and Framing.

机译：探索消息引起的矛盾及其相关性：关注消息环境，问题显着性和框架。

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摘要

Scholars across the social sciences (psychology and political science) have recently started to broaden the approach to concept of attitudes. These scholars have focused on the concept of attitudinal ambivalence, which is defined as people holding both positive and negative attitudes toward attitude objects. However, communication scholars have generally ignored this concept.;Recently, communication scholars have emphasized the importance of looking at the complementary effects of consuming divergent messages on people's attitudes and beliefs. Although studies have started to look at the complementary effects of media, it is necessary to examine the relationship between the complexity of a person's communication environment and the complexity of their attitudes. Therefore, this study begins the process connecting the complexity of people's communication environment and the complexity of their attitude structures.;The major goal of this dissertation is to look at the generation of ambivalence by looking at four important factors: (a) the relationship between specific media outlets relative to the generation of potential ambivalence, (b) how different individual difference variables moderate the relationship between different media outlets and the generation of ambivalence, (c) pinpointing the message variables that may lead people to the generation of ambivalence, and (d) how media, ambivalence fit into a larger communication process focused on different political outcome variables.;To study this issue, both survey and experimental data from a nationally representative sample focused on the issues of global warming and plastic pollution were collected and analyzed. Results of the survey show a relationship between viewing one-sided conservative and liberal programming and two-sided programming on people's level of attitudinal ambivalence. These results also show conditional indirect effects of viewing these different programs. Specifically, one-sided conservative programming decreases ambivalence among conservatives and leads them to hold strong policy positions. In contrast, viewing the same programming increases ambivalence among liberals and leads them to hold to weaker policy positions. Additional analyses found similar effects for watching two-sided programming (i.e., network news). Viewing network news was associated with increased ambivalence and weaker policy positions among conservatives and decreased ambivalence and holding stronger policy positions among liberals.;Analyses from the experimental data found a three-way interaction for viewing competing messages for individuals high in Need for Cognitive Closure (NFC) when they lacked a crystallized opinion on the issue (plastic pollution). Those high in NFC showed a decreases in ambivalence when presented with two negative stories on an unfamiliar topic. In addition, these same individuals showed an increase in ambivalence when presented with two conflicting stories on a low salience issue. These results indicate that those with a high NFC tend to seize on new information when they lack a crystallized opinion.;This dissertation concludes with a summary and discussion of results, and places these findings within the context of extant ambivalence literature. It also proposes future lines of research that apply a communicative lens to the study of attitudinal ambivalence. There are also discussions of the relative strengths and weaknesses of this research effort.
机译：社会科学（心理学和政治学）的学者最近开始拓宽态度概念的研究方法。这些学者关注的是态度矛盾的概念，即人们对态度对象持有积极和消极态度的观念。但是，传播学者们普遍忽略了这个概念。最近，传播学者们强调了研究消费不同信息对人们的态度和信念的补充作用的重要性。尽管研究已经开始关注媒体的互补效应，但有必要研究一个人的交流环境的复杂性与他们的态度的复杂性之间的关系。因此，本研究开始了将人们的沟通环境的复杂性与他们的态度结构的复杂性联系起来的过程。本论文的主要目标是通过研究四个重要因素来研究矛盾的产生：（a）相互之间的关系特定媒体渠道与潜在矛盾情绪的产生有关；（b）不同的个体差异变量如何缓解不同媒体渠道与矛盾情绪产生之间的关系；（c）指出可能导致人们产生矛盾情绪的消息变量；以及（d）媒介，矛盾情绪如何适应针对不同政治结果变量的更大的沟通过程。;为研究此问题，收集并分析了来自全国代表性样本的调查数据和实验数据，这些样本关注全球变暖和塑料污染问题。调查结果显示，在人们的态度矛盾程度方面，单方面的保守和自由编程与双面编程之间存在关联。这些结果还显示了查看这些不同程序的条件间接影响。具体而言，单方面的保守计划减少了保守派之间的矛盾情绪，使他们保持了强大的政策立场。相反，观看相同的节目会增加自由主义者的矛盾情绪，并导致他们坚持较弱的政策立场。其他分析发现，观看双面编程（即网络新闻）的效果类似。查看网络新闻与保守派之间的矛盾情绪增加和较弱的政策立场相关联，而与自由主义者之间的矛盾情绪有所下降并保持较强的政策立场。;根据实验数据的分析发现，对于需要高度认知封闭的个人而言，查看竞争信息的方式是三向互动（ NFC），如果他们对此问题缺乏明确的看法（塑料污染）。当出现两个关于一个陌生话题的负面故事时，那些NFC较高的人表现出的矛盾情绪降低。此外，当这些人在低显着性问题上出现两个矛盾的故事时，他们的矛盾情绪也增加了。这些结果表明，具有较高NFC的人在缺乏明确的观点时倾向于抓住新的信息。本论文以对结果的总结和讨论作为结尾，并将这些发现置于现有的矛盾性文献的背景下。它还提出了未来的研究方向，将交流镜头应用于态度矛盾的研究。还讨论了这项研究工作的相对优势和劣势。

著录项

  • 作者

    Hmielowski, Jay D.;

  • 作者单位

    The Ohio State University.;

  • 授予单位 The Ohio State University.;
  • 学科 Speech Communication.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2011
  • 页码 245 p.
  • 总页数 245
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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