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首页> 外文学位 >The Effects of Dietary Immunostimulation on Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Immune Response to Sea Lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) Infection.
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The Effects of Dietary Immunostimulation on Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Immune Response to Sea Lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) Infection.

机译：饮食免疫刺激对大西洋鲑（Salmo salar）对海虱（Lepeophtheirus鲑鱼）感染的免疫反应的影响。

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摘要

The ectoparasitic copepod, Lepeophtheius salmonis, is considered to be the most economically damaging parasite in commercial Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) culture, causing serious disease outbreaks which cost the industry nearly half a billion dollars annually. While other salmonid species show some resistance to this parasite, Atlantic salmon have previously shown very little in the way of inflammatory response to sea lice infection. The objective of this study was to enhance the immune response of Atlantic salmon to sea lice infection through the administration of in-feed immunostimulants. The efficacy of dietary additives to stimulate the immune response of Atlantic salmon against L. salmonis was evaluated over three trials. Trial 1 tested three immunostimulants: ProVale (β-glucan), All Brew/ Nupro (commercial yeast extracts) and CpG ODN during a low-level sea lice exposure in Atlantic salmon. Fish fed CpG ODN showed the greatest reductions in sea lice, which was accompanied by an increase in inflammation observed in histological sections of the lice infection. Up-regulation of IL-1β; and MMP 9 was also observed in CpG ODN fed fish following sea lice exposure. All Brew/ Nupro was also found to be effective at reducing the final sea lice burden though these reductions did not correlate to changes in tissue response or gene expression. The ProVale additive was not effective at reducing infection levels at the dose administered. Trial 2 investigated whether CpG ODN, administered at half the original dose and for a shorter time, could enhance acquired immune responses following experimental re-infection with L. salmonis. Both the previously infected control and CpG ODN fed fish showed greater reductions in sea lice abundance indicating that prior exposure to sea lice offered some protective benefits during re-infection. Sea lice reductions in the CpG ODN fed group exceeded the previously infected control indicating that treatment with CpG ODN conferred protection beyond prior exposure alone and may contribute to the activation of adaptive immunity in Atlantic salmon. The objective of Trial 3 was to compare the effects of dose during a low level sea lice infection using a commercial mixture of immunostimulants, administered at a high and low dose. The low dose reduced the sea lice burden in infected salmon by 48% while the high dose provided little protective benefit. No differential gene expression was observed in this trial, thus leaving the mechanism for dose related responses of these treatments unknown. Overall, this study demonstrated the effectiveness of CpG ODN as a dietary immunostimulant during both primary and secondary exposure to sea lice and illustrated the importance of dose to the effectiveness of boosting innate immunity. Furthermore, the immune genes IL-1β and MMP 9 were identified as being involved in the early inflammatory response and wound healing and are likely associated with increased resistance following oral administration of CpG ODN. Incorporation of immunostimulants into future sea lice reduction protocols, either alone or in conjunction with existing methods and treatments is likely to have direct benefits to Atlantic salmon farm management strategies.
机译：外寄生co足类鱼，Lepeophtheius鲑鱼，被认为是商业大西洋鲑鱼（Salmo salar）养殖中经济上最具破坏力的寄生虫，导致严重的疾病暴发，每年使该行业损失近十亿美元。尽管其他鲑科鱼类对这种寄生虫表现出一定的抵抗力，但大西洋鲑鱼以前对海虱感染的炎性反应很少。这项研究的目的是通过给予饲料中的免疫刺激剂来增强大西洋鲑鱼对海虱感染的免疫反应。通过三项试验评估了膳食添加剂刺激大西洋鲑鱼对鲑鱼的免疫反应的功效。试验1在大西洋鲑鱼低水平海虱暴露期间测试了三种免疫刺激剂：ProVale（β-葡聚糖），All Brew / Nupro（商业酵母提取物）和CpG ODN。喂食CpG ODN的鱼显示出最大的海虱减少，同时伴随着在虱子感染的组织学切片中观察到的炎症增加。 IL-1β的上调；在海虱接触后，CpG ODN喂养的鱼中也观察到MMP 9。还发现，所有Brew / Nupro均可有效减少最终海虱的负担，尽管这些减少与组织反应或基因表达的变化无关。 ProVale添加剂不能有效降低感染剂量。试验2研究了在用鲑鱼乳酸杆菌进行实验性再次感染后，以原来剂量的一半和较短时间给药的CpG ODN是否可以增强获得性免疫应答。先前感染的对照鱼和CpG ODN喂养的鱼都显示出更大的海虱丰度降低，这表明事先接触海虱可在再感染期间提供一些保护作用。 CpG ODN喂养组的海虱减少量超过了先前感染的对照组，这表明用CpG ODN进行的治疗不仅提供了单独的先前接触，而且还提供了保护作用，并且可能有助于激活大西洋鲑的适应性免疫。试验3的目的是使用市售的免疫刺激剂混合物以高剂量和低剂量比较低水平海虱感染期间的剂量影响。低剂量可将受感染鲑鱼的海虱负担减少48％，而高剂量则几乎没有保护作用。在该试验中未观察到差异基因表达，因此这些治疗的剂量相关反应机理尚不清楚。总的来说，这项研究证明了CpG ODN在初次和二次接触海虱期间作为饮食免疫刺激剂的有效性，并说明了剂量对增强先天免疫力的重要性。此外，免疫基因IL-1β和MMP 9被确定与早期炎症反应和伤口愈合有关，并且可能与口服CpG ODN后的耐药性增加有关。单独或与现有方法和治疗结合将免疫刺激剂纳入未来的减少海虱措施，可能会对大西洋鲑鱼养殖场的管理策略带来直接好处。

著录项

  • 作者

    Friend, Sarah Ellen.;

  • 作者单位

    State University of New York at Stony Brook.;

  • 授予单位 State University of New York at Stony Brook.;
  • 学科 Biology Molecular.;Agriculture Animal Pathology.
  • 学位 M.S.
  • 年度 2011
  • 页码 82 p.
  • 总页数 82
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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