• 主题
高级搜索  >
历史搜索 清空历史
首页> 外文学位 >Cortical and cancellous bone in humans and African apes: Implications for the evolution of bipedality (Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla).
【24h】

Cortical and cancellous bone in humans and African apes: Implications for the evolution of bipedality (Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla).

机译：人类和非洲猿类的皮质和松质骨：对两足动物进化的启示（盘状穴居人，大猩猩大猩猩）。

获取原文
获取原文并翻译 | 示例
页面导航
  • 摘要
  • 著录项
  • 相似文献
  • 相关主题

摘要

Among terrestrial mammals, only humans engage in bipedality. Also, humans have significantly altered the distribution of metaphyseal bone in the distal tibia. These observations suggest that our bipedal gait and our unusual skeletal anatomy are mechanically related. This thesis was designed to test the hypothesis that cortical and cancellous bone distributions are different among humans, Pan troglodytes, and Gorilla gorilla for the purpose of attenuating locomotor loads.; When compared, humans have relatively larger volumes of metaphyseal bone in the distal tibia (p 0.001) than either Pan or Gorilla. Rather than the thick metaphyseal cortical bone found in Pan or Gorilla, human distal tibiae have a thin metaphyseal cortex (p 0.001) making the ends of their long bones less stiff. Humans also have an enlarged volume of cancellous bone within the metaphysis as compared to Pan and Gorilla (p 0.001). Such an adaptation of bone form is advantageous in that cancellous bone elastically assumes, stores, and dissipates imposed mechanical loads. Moreover, human cancellous bone trabeculae have a thinner caliber (p 0.001) than Pan or Gorilla making human trabeculae more likely to bend elastically and to dissipate mechanical loads.; Though there are differences in skeletal anatomy among humans, Pan, and Gorilla, there are not significant difference in the material properties of bone. Human, Pan, and Gorilla distal tibiae do not show differences in the degree of cortical (p = 0.21) or cancellous (p = 0.051) bone mineralization. Likewise, the apparent density of cortical (p = 0.63) and cancellous (p = 0.17) bone is not different among humans, Pan, and Gorilla.; Given the similarity in these material properties, it was found that cancellous bone elastic modulus (p = 0.93) is not different among humans, Pan, and Gorilla. However, a single Gorilla distal tibia does demonstrate a cortical bone elastic modulus (9.8 GPa) less than (p 0.001) values reported for young adult humans (∼17 GPa). In the context of (a) the small sample size for Gorilla reported in this study, (b) the similarity in cancellous bone elastic modulus for humans, Pan, and Gorilla , and (c) the similarity in human and bovine cortical bone elastic modulus (∼17 GPa), it is likely that Gorilla elastic modulus is similar to moduli reported for humans. To further support this conclusion, human, Pan, and Gorilla whole bone distal tibiae show similar material phase angles on the order of 10 −2 (p = 0.83). Together, these findings suggest that cortical and cancellous bone material properties are similar in humans, Pan , and Gorilla.; Although the material properties are similar, their structural properties are not. The time to peak strain along the metaphysis in humans (0.013 seconds) was significantly longer (p 0.001) than the time to peak strain in either Pan or Gorilla (0.0004 seconds). This analysis indicates that complex viscoelastic effects of bone found in humans lengthen the time over which loads are applied. These effects lessen the magnitude of mechanical loads in humans.; Therefore, the findings of this thesis support the hypothesis that differences in the quantity and distribution of cortical and cancellous bone within the human metaphysis provides a mechanism to attenuate loads encountered during normal bipedal locomotion.
机译：在陆地哺乳动物中，只有人类参与双足。同样，人类已经极大地改变了胫骨远端干meta端骨的分布。这些观察结果表明我们的双足步态和我们异常的骨骼解剖学是机械相关的。本文旨在验证以下假设：人，<斜体>穴居人和<斜体>大猩猩大猩猩在人之间的皮质和松质骨分布不同，目的是减轻运动负荷。与之相比，人类在胫骨远端的干phy端骨量相对较大（p <0.001），比 Pan 或 Gorilla 大。人胫骨远端的干have端皮质较薄（p <0.001），而不是在 Pan 或 Gorilla 中发现的较厚的干phy端皮质骨，从而使长骨的末端变硬。与 Pan 和 Gorilla 相比，人类在干physi端的松质骨体积也增加了（p <0.001）。骨形式的这种适应是有利的，因为松质骨弹性地承担，存储和消除施加的机械负荷。而且，人的松质骨小梁的口径（p <0.001）比 Pan 或 Gorilla 薄，这使得人小梁更容易弯曲并消除机械负荷。尽管人， Pan 和 Gorilla 之间的骨骼解剖结构存在差异，但骨骼的材料特性没有显着差异。人， Pan 和 Gorilla 胫骨远端没有显示皮质骨矿化程度（p = 0.21）或松质骨矿化程度（p = 0.051）的差异。同样，人， Pan 和 Gorilla 之间的皮质骨（p = 0.63）和松质骨（p = 0.17）的表观密度也没有差异。鉴于这些材料特性的相似性，发现人， Pan 和 Gorilla 之间的松质骨弹性模量（p = 0.93）并无差异。但是，单个 Gorilla 胫骨远端确实显示出皮质骨弹性模量（9.8 GPa）小于报告的年轻成年人（〜17 GPa）的值（p <0.001）。在（a）本研究中报道的 Gorilla 的样本量较小的情况下，（b）人类， Pan 和，以及（c）人类和牛皮质骨弹性模量（〜17 GPa）相似， Gorilla 弹性模量可能与人类报告的模量相似。为了进一步支持该结论，人， Pan 和 Gorilla 整个胫骨远端胫骨显示相似的材料相角，约为10 -2 （ p = 0.83）。总之，这些发现表明人类的 Pan 和 Gorilla 的皮质和松质骨材料特性相似。尽管材料性质相似，但它们的结构性质却不相似。沿人体干meta端达到峰值应变的时间（0.013秒）比 Pan 或 Gorilla 达到峰值应变的时间（0.0004秒）明显更长（p <0.001） ）。该分析表明，人类发现的骨骼的复杂粘弹性效应会延长施加载荷的时间。这些影响减轻了人类的机械负荷。因此，本论文的发现支持这样的假说，即人类干physi端内的皮质和松质骨的数量和分布的差异提供了一种减轻正常双足运动过程中遇到的负荷的机制。

著录项

  • 作者

    Kunos, Charles Andrew.;

  • 作者单位

    Case Western Reserve University (Health Sciences).;

  • 授予单位 Case Western Reserve University (Health Sciences).;
  • 学科 Anthropology Physical.; Biology Anatomy.; Paleontology.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2003
  • 页码 164 p.
  • 总页数 164
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 人类学;生物形态学;古生物学;
  • 关键词

相似文献

  • 外文文献
  • 中文文献
  • 专利
获取原文

客服邮箱：kefu@zhangqiaokeyan.com

京公网安备：11010802029741号 ICP备案号：京ICP备15016152号-6 六维联合信息科技 (北京) 有限公司©版权所有

  • 客服微信

  • 服务号