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Remote methodologies of watershed assessment: Applications toward conservation and restoration in the Navarro River watershed.

机译：流域评估的远程方法：在纳瓦罗河流域的保护和恢复中的应用。

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There is a pressing need to incorporate remote methodologies, such as remote sensing and geographical information systems, in the assessment and monitoring of watersheds. Faced with the recovery and maintenance of imperiled species, particularly anadromous Pacific salmon, resource managers in northern California's coastal watersheds are increasingly challenged to utilize readily available spatial data in a proficient and sound manner. Standardized methods to examine watershed processes, cumulative effects, and identify critical habitats are few and largely site-specific. This research documents geospatial methods to estimate stream condition, measure relative land use disturbance, and isolate critical habitats as they relate to the anadromous salmonids, aquatic habitats and riparian forests of the Navarro River watershed in southern Mendocino County, California.; The development of RipTopo, a riparian-topographic stream shading model, and calibration to watershed conditions generated site-specific habitat estimates and indicated streams in need of restoration to achieve potential ecological condition. These stream shading conditions were incorporated into a watershed-wide assessment of land use disturbance, in which road networks, land subdivision, timber harvesting, and removal of riparian canopy were used to gauge current distributions of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Coho have experienced a range contraction in the Navarro River watershed; based on results of this research, it appears that, when compared to steelhead, coho are disproportionately affected by land use disturbance. Negative effects from land use disturbance were identified by pairing cumulative and discrete, localized watersheds within a spatial framework to examine relative differences in salmonid response. Ultimately, highway and seasonal road densities, as well as variability in shade and riparian forest structure, were significant negative predictors in coho distribution.; Observations from the spatial analytical framework were used in turn to predict critical aquatic habitats in need of protection in the Navarro River watershed. Lastly, hyperspectral data were evaluated as a diagnostic screening tool to identify intact riparian canopies through an estimated leaf area index and to isolate infestations of non-native riparian vegetation. Any comprehensive effort to promote restoration and conservation of northern California's coastal watersheds will require a spatial framework, incorporation of readily available data, and standardized methods of inquiry. This study provides one such example.
机译：迫切需要在流域评估和监测中纳入遥感和地理信息系统等遥感方法。面对濒临灭绝物种的恢复和维护，特别是太平洋上游鲑鱼，加利福尼亚北部沿海流域的资源管理者面临着越来越多的挑战，即如何以熟练，合理的方式利用现有的空间数据。检查流域过程，累积影响并确定关键栖息地的标准化方法很少，而且在很大程度上取决于具体地点。这项研究记录了地理空间方法，以估算溪流状况，测量相对土地利用扰动并隔离关键栖息地，因为这些栖息地与加利福尼亚州门多西诺县南部纳瓦罗河流域的水生鲑鱼，水生栖息地和河岸森林有关。 RipTopo（河岸地形流阴影模型）的开发以及对流域条件的校准产生了针对特定地点的栖息地估计，并指出了需要恢复以实现潜在生态条件的河流。这些溪流遮挡条件被纳入流域范围的土地利用扰动评估中，其中路网，土地细分，木材采伐和河岸冠层的去除被用于衡量钢头的当前分布（ Oncorhynchus mykiss ）和银鲑鱼（ Oncorhynchus kisutch ）。 Coho在纳瓦罗河流域经历了范围缩小；根据这项研究的结果，看起来与硬皮黑头相比，银鳕鱼受到土地利用干扰的影响不成比例。通过将空间框架内的累积分立的分水岭和成对的分水岭配对以检查鲑鱼响应的相对差异，可以识别出土地利用干扰的负面影响。最终，高速公路和季节性道路的密度，以及树荫和河岸森林结构的变异性，是对银烟分布的重要负面预测。反过来，使用空间分析框架中的观测值来预测纳瓦罗河流域需要保护的重要水生生境。最后，评估高光谱数据作为诊断筛查工具，以通过估计的叶面积指数识别完整的河岸林冠，并隔离非本地河岸植被的侵扰。促进恢复和保护北加利福尼亚州北部沿海流域的任何全面努力都将需要空间框架，整合现有数据和标准化的调查方法。这项研究提供了一个这样的例子。

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