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首页> 外文学位 >The toxicity of pesticides to mammalian cells as altered by redox-modified smectites.
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The toxicity of pesticides to mammalian cells as altered by redox-modified smectites.

机译：氧化还原修饰的绿土改变了农药对哺乳动物细胞的毒性。

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The fundamental concern about agricultural chemicals is their environmental fate and toxicologic risk to humans and other non-targeted animals. The application of pesticides to soil is typically direct or through post-emergence methods. Degradation of pesticides is typically considered to be a detoxification process and, therefore, a positive thing; but, evidence is insufficient to conclude that degradation always yields detoxification. While clay minerals are often regarded as catalysts for enhancing or decreasing the availability of pesticides to microorganismal degradation, recent studies have found that the iron (Fe) oxidation state in smectites directly affects the degradation of pesticides without microbial intervention. Yet, what does degradation mean when attempting to assess toxicologic risk? The objective of this study was to measure the influence of Fe oxidation state on the toxicity of pesticides to mammalian cells. Alachlor, oxamyl, dicamba, and 2,4-D were reacted with both oxidized and reduced ferruginous smectite (SWa-1). The supernatant from each pesticide/clay mixture was separated by centrifugation, filter sterilized, and used in multiple toxicity assays including those for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Results revealed that treatment with reduced smectite produced mixed effects on mammalian cell health, depending on the pesticide. Oxamyl and alachlor reacted with reduced SWa-1 showed a decrease in their overall cytotoxic potential. In addition, oxamyl showed a decrease in its overall genotoxic potential. Dicamba reacted with the reduced-clay treatment was more cytotoxic and genotoxic then the other treatments. Finally, no differences were observed between redox treatments for 2,4-D. The significance of these results is that oxidized smectites have virtually no influence on the toxicity of pesticides; whereas, reduced-Fe smectite plays a definite role in altering the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of some agricultural pesticides. These results suggests Fe oxidation state of clay minerals should be taken into account in pesticide management programs.
机译：关于农药的基本问题是它们对人类和其他非目标动物的环境命运和毒理学风险。通常将农药直接施用或通过出苗后施用到土壤上。农药的降解通常被认为是一种排毒过程，因此是积极的事情。但是，证据不足以得出降解总是产生排毒的结论。尽管粘土矿物质通常被视为提高或降低农药降解微生物的有效性的催化剂，但最近的研究发现，绿土中的铁（Fe）氧化态直接影响农药的降解而无需微生物干预。但是，当试图评估毒理学风险时，降解意味着什么？这项研究的目的是测量铁的氧化态对农药对哺乳动物细胞毒性的影响。甲草胺，草酰胺，麦草畏和2,4-D与氧化的和还原的铁质蒙脱石（SWa-1）反应。通过离心分离每种农药/粘土混合物的上清液，过滤除菌，并用于多种毒性测定，包括细胞毒性和基因毒性测定。结果表明，根据农药的不同，减少蒙脱石的处理对哺乳动物细胞的健康产生多种影响。与降低的SWa-1反应的草酰胺和甲草胺显示出总体细胞毒性潜力降低。此外，草酰胺显示出总体遗传毒性潜力的降低。麦草畏与还原粘土处理反应比其他处理更具细胞毒性和遗传毒性。最后，在2，4-D的氧化还原处理之间没有观察到差异。这些结果的意义在于，氧化蒙脱石对农药的毒性几乎没有影响。而还原铁蒙脱石在改变某些农业杀虫剂的细胞毒性和遗传毒性方面起着确定的作用。这些结果表明，在农药管理计划中应考虑粘土矿物的铁氧化态。

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