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首页> 外文学位 >Exposure assessment and disinfection management implications of trihalomethane and coliform levels in a Mexico City drinking water supply.
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Exposure assessment and disinfection management implications of trihalomethane and coliform levels in a Mexico City drinking water supply.

机译：墨西哥城饮用水供应中三卤甲烷和大肠菌群水平的暴露评估和消毒管理影响。

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A comprehensive study of trihalomethane (THM) and microbiological contamination was performed of one drinking water source for the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). Surface water from the Cutzamala hydrologic basin to the west of the MCMA is collected, treated and transported 92 kilometers to the MCMA, where a portion is diverted to the southern region of the urban area and distributed to households.; Of 20 post-chlorination samples taken from the treatment plant to the delivery point, 35% exceeded the Mexican standard for total THMs (TTHMs) of 200 microgram per liter (μg/L). The raw water demonstrated the presence of total coliforms, fecal coliforms and/or fecal streptococci for all samples. The processed water at the treatment plant contained none of these organisms at any time. Current water treatment using chlorine is sufficient to destroy indicator microorganisms, but disinfection must be optimized to control THM formation as well.; TTHM concentrations measured in distribution tanks and in household tap water in the southern region of the MCMA ranged from 62 to 135 μg/L and from none detected to 142 μg/L, respectively. Microbiological analyses of the same samples found fecal coliforms confirmed in one tank and in tap water from one of the homes. While explanations exist for these outcomes, more effective localized pathogen control measures prior to water consumption are necessary while improving control of THM formation.; Household interviews were conducted to collect data useful for assessing population exposure. Exposure factors included tap water consumption for oral ingestion and showering time for inhalation and dermal contact exposures pathways. Inhalation contributed greatest to cancer risk, followed by dermal contact, with oral ingestion being the least important.; In considering water treatment alternatives for the Cutzamala system, various engineering options are available; however, sociopolitical factors may hinder implementing the optimal solution. Potential barriers include political, economic, technological, resource scarcity, and societal obstacles. Although this study focused on the MCMA, the THM/pathogen issues raised may be important for other megacities in less developed countries wrestling with similar challenges.
机译：对墨西哥城都会区（MCMA）的一种饮用水源进行了三卤甲烷（THM）和微生物污染的综合研究。收集，处理和处理从库萨马拉水文盆地西部MCMA的地表水并将其输送到MCMA 92公里，然后将其中一部分转移到市区的南部地区，并分发给家庭。从处理厂到交货点的20个氯化后样品中，总THM（TTHM）为200微克/升（μg/ L）超过了墨西哥标准的35％。原水证明所有样品中都存在大肠菌，粪大肠菌和/或粪链球菌。在处理厂中，经过处理的水在任何时候都不包含这些生物。当前使用氯的水处理足以破坏指示微生物，但是必须优化消毒以控制THM的形成。在MCMA南部地区的分配水箱和家用自来水中测得的TTHM浓度分别为62至135μg/ L，没有检测到的浓度为142μg/ L。对相同样品进行的微生物分析发现，粪便中的大肠菌已在一个水箱和其中一所家庭的自来水中得到确认。尽管有关于这些结果的解释，但在改善对THM形成的控制的同时，有必要在饮水之前采取更有效的局部病原体控制措施。进行了家庭访问，以收集有助于评估人口暴露的数据。暴露因素包括口服摄入的自来水消耗量，吸入的淋浴时间和皮肤接触途径。吸入对癌症风险的影响最大，其次是皮肤接触，口服摄入的重要性最低。在考虑使用Cutzamala系统的水处理替代方案时，可以使用各种工程选项。但是，社会政治因素可能会阻碍最佳解决方案的实施。潜在的障碍包括政治，经济，技术，资源稀缺和社会障碍。尽管这项研究的重点是MCMA，但提出的THM /病原体问题可能对较不发达国家面临类似挑战的其他大城市也很重要。

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