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首页> 外文学位 >The origin and ecological diversification of modern birds: Evidence from the extinct wading ducks, Presbyornithidae (Neornithes: Anseriformes).
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The origin and ecological diversification of modern birds: Evidence from the extinct wading ducks, Presbyornithidae (Neornithes: Anseriformes).

机译：现代鸟类的起源和生态多样化：来自灭绝的涉水鸭Presbyornithidae（Neornithes：Anseriformes）的证据。

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Living birds are restricted to one clade of birds, Neornithes. The currently known fossil record of birds and various phylogenetic hypotheses of the relationships of modern birds support the idea that a large number of neornithine ordinal-level clades were present in the Cretaceous. One of the extant clades thought to have been present in the Cretaceous is the waterfowl (Anseriformes). The early waterfowl fossil record is best exemplified by the derived extinct wading ducks, Presbyornithidae. Morphometric analysis of Presbyornis pervetus ' skull indicates that this extinct species was most likely a highly specialized filter-feeder. I describe the new presbyornithid species Styginetta lofgreni and Presbyornis maximus, and reassess other North American taxa and fossils, allocating some to the Presbyornithidae. Phylogenetic analysis supports the monophyly of Presbyornithidae, including Cretaceous material, and it constrains the divergence between all family-level clades of anseriforms to have occurred in the Cretaceous. This Cretaceous origin and survival of birds through the K-T mass extinction occurred over a wide range of clade ranks from individual species to the family and ordinal levels.; The specialized wading habit evolved at least six times among Neornithes. When it evolved, leg bone proportions converged to a set of values in which the femur contributes less than about 20% of total leg length, and the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus are subequal in length. In addition, specialized waders have converged on a number of ecological and biological parameters. Analysis of the presbyornithid postcranial skeleton indicates a derived condition within anseriforms consistent with extant specialized waders. Analysis of sympatric fossil presbyornithid assemblages from the Cretaceous and Eocene points to the likelihood that these species formed guilds that probably followed the parameters seen in extant wading guilds. Presbyornithids also were likely sexually size dimorphic, had female-dominated biparental care of the young, and were migratory. In combination with the phylogenetic and stratigraphic data, it appears that not only various neornithine clades (especially waterfowl) survive the CretaceousTertiary mass extinction, but aspects of foraging ecology, guild structure, and breeding biology also survived the extinction.
机译：活禽只限于鸟群Neornithes。目前已知的鸟类化石记录和现代鸟类关系的各种系统发育假设都支持这样的观点，即白垩纪存在大量的鸟氨酸序序进化枝。被认为存在于白垩纪的现存进化枝之一是水禽（Anseriformes）。最早的水禽化石记录最能体现出已灭绝的涉水鸭Presbyornithidae。对 Presbyornis pervetus 颅骨的形态计量学分析表明，这种灭绝的物种很可能是高度专业化的滤食动物。我描述了新的presbyornithid物种 Styginetta lofgreni 和 Presbyornis maximus ，并重新评估了北美其他类群和化石，并将其分配给Presbyornithidae。系统发育分析支持包括白垩纪物质在内的早老纲科的单性，并且它限制了在白垩纪发生的所有家族性无形体进化枝之间的分歧。白垩纪鸟类通过K-T大规模灭绝而起源和存活，其进化枝范围广泛，从单个物种到家族和序贯水平。在尼尔诺提斯人中，专门的涉水习惯至少演变了六次。当它演化时，腿骨比例收敛到一组值，其中股骨贡献不到腿总长的约20％，胫骨和and骨的长度小于等长。另外，专门的涉水者已经在许多生态和生物学参数上趋于一致。分析前颅骨后颅骨骨架表明，在无形态的无脊椎动物中符合现存的专门涉禽。从白垩纪和始新世的同伴化石长老甲组合分析表明，这些物种形成行会的可能性很可能遵循现存涉水行会中看到的参数。 Presbyornithids可能在性别上也存在双态性，年轻时以女性为主的双亲照顾，并且迁徙。结合系统发育和地层数据，看来不仅白垩纪第三纪生物灭绝了各种鸟氨酸进化枝（特别是水禽），而且灭绝还包括觅食生态学，行会结构和繁殖生物学。

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