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Environmental impact assessment systems in developing countries: A study of success and failure in Latin America and the Caribbean.

机译：发展中国家的环境影响评估系统：对拉丁美洲和加勒比成功与失败的研究。

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摘要

The challenge of reducing poverty and increasing economic growth has often led Latin American countries to overlook environmental sustainability. Consequently, many countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, LAC, Region, are suffering from severe environmental problems, that affect the population and limit their potential for future development. This has spurred an increasing demand for environmental management tools and techniques that can help these countries to adequately diagnose their risks and suggest mitigation options.; This study argues that in the international arena the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has proven to be an important tool to prevent environmental degradation and regulate productive activities which have significant environmental effects. Following the establishment of the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act, many developing countries adopted the EIA procedure as a legal mandate. However, the EIA has often been poorly implemented, because there are many institutional and functional factors that impede its implementation in developing countries.; This cross-country analysis of the LAC Region examines the institutional and procedural aspects of EIA practice, evaluates its impact on environmental quality and management, and assesses the requirements to strengthen institutional capacity in the public and private sectors. The results show that a diversity of methodologies in the environmental analysis, and different systematic expressions of the process in the countries, have generated a series of individualized procedures adjusted to the realities of each country. Growing regional integration makes it a priority to seek greater harmonization of the EIA systems, principles, and procedures on a regional basis.; In particular, our research reveals that the institutional foundations of EIA, its laws, principles and administrative procedures are reasonably well established in most of the countries of the LAC Region, reflecting the fact that recent steps have been taken toward strengthening many national EIA systems.; LAC EIA systems have been successful on informing stakeholders on the important actions or projects, which will significantly affect the environment, before the action is taken. EIA systems in the Region have also proven to facilitate continuity in the application of environmental protection criteria and consideration of environmental impacts in the decision-making process. Finally, there is a recognized general acceptance on the necessity to articulate the EIA process under a unique national systemic conception.; However we show that not all the EIA systems perform equally well, and certain shortcomings become more evident when they are seen in the overall context. We summarize the main problems with the current systems and use our cross country analysis to draw policy recommendations to improve them in several areas, including building necessary preconditions, institutionalization and political will, citizen participation and administrative procedures.
机译：减轻贫困和增加经济增长的挑战常常导致拉丁美洲国家忽视环境的可持续性。因此，拉丁美洲和加勒比海，拉美和加勒比地区许多国家正遭受严重的环境问题，这些问题影响到人口并限制了其未来发展的潜力。这促使人们对环境管理工具和技术的需求不断增长，这些工具和技术可以帮助这些国家充分诊断其风险并提出缓解措施。这项研究认为，在国际上，环境影响评估（EIA）已被证明是防止环境退化和调节对环境有重大影响的生产活动的重要工具。制定《美国国家环境政策法》后，许多发展中国家都采用了EIA程序作为法律授权。然而，由于许多体制和功能性因素阻碍了其在发展中国家的实施，EIA的执行往往不佳。拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的这项跨国分析研究了环境影响评估实践的体制和程序方面，评估了其对环境质量和管理的影响，并评估了加强公共和私营部门的体制能力的要求。结果表明，环境分析中的方法论的多样性以及各国对这一过程的不同系统表达，已经产生了一系列针对每个国家的实际情况进行了个性化处理的程序。区域一体化的发展使优先考虑在区域范围内寻求更大的环境影响评估系统，原则和程序的协调。特别是，我们的研究表明，环境影响评估的制度基础，其法律，原则和行政程序在拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的大多数国家中都得到了合理的确立，这反映了一个事实，即最近已采取步骤加强许多国家的环境影响评估系统。 ;在采取行动之前，LAC EIA系统已成功地向利益相关者告知了将对环境产生重大影响的重要行动或项目。事实证明，该地区的环境影响评估系统有助于在决策过程中应用环境保护标准和考虑环境影响的连续性。最后，公认的普遍接受意见是必须以独特的国家系统性观念阐明环境影响评估程序。但是，我们表明，并不是所有的EIA系统都具有同样出色的性能，并且从总体上看，某些缺点变得更加明显。我们总结了当前系统的主要问题，并使用我们的跨国分析得出了一些政策建议，以在几个领域进行改进，包括建立必要的先决条件，制度化和政治意愿，公民参与和行政程序。

著录项

  • 作者

    Alzina, Virginia.;

  • 作者单位

    The George Washington University.;

  • 授予单位 The George Washington University.;
  • 学科 Environmental Sciences.; Engineering System Science.
  • 学位 D.Sc.
  • 年度 2001
  • 页码 272 p.
  • 总页数 272
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 环境科学基础理论;系统科学;
  • 关键词

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