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Global energy shifts: Future possibilities in historical perspective.

机译：全球能源转移：从历史角度看未来的可能性。

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This study adopts a macro-comparative, world-systems perspective in order to shed light on the dynamics that led to a global shift away from primary reliance on coal and towards over-reliance on petroleum. It is argued that the interaction of three global dynamics, those of geopolitical rivalry, commercial competition, and social unrest, undermined the nineteenth-century international coal system and paved the way for the consolidation of an international petroleum system in the twentieth century.; Specifically, the historical analysis presented in this dissertation shows that: (1) intervention by state agents was absolutely crucial in the early development and later expansion of the international petroleum system; (2) private coal companies attempted to prevent the consolidation of an oil-based energy system, but these older companies were out-competed by newer, multinational petroleum corporations; and (3) waves of labor unrest in established coal industries played a key role in prompting a relatively rapid shift away from coal and towards petroleum. Indeed, a key conclusion of this study is that pressures exerted by such social movements as labor unions, nationalist movements, and environmental coalitions have played as important a role in influencing energy trajectories as the more commonly-recognized actions of governmental and corporate actors.; By examining contemporary patterns of state and private investments in a cluster of new energy technologies, as well as the growing influence of environmental regulations it is argued that global dynamics are beginning to favor a shift towards new, more environmentally sustainable energy technologies. The fuel cell is highlighted as one new energy technology that is poised to enter into widespread diffusion in the coming decades, though potentials for expansions in wind, solar, small-scale hydro-electric, and modern biomass systems are also examined. Although significant hurdles must be overcome, this study concludes by suggesting reasons why a shift towards a more sustainable global energy system can be carried out in the twenty-first century.
机译：本研究采用宏观比较的世界体系视角，以阐明导致全球经济从主要依赖煤炭转向过度依赖石油的动力。有人认为，地缘政治竞争，商业竞争和社会动荡这三种全球动力的相互作用破坏了19世纪的国际煤炭体系，为巩固20世纪的国际石油体系铺平了道路。具体而言，本文的历史分析表明：（1）国家行为者的干预对国际石油体系的早期发展和后期扩展至关重要。 （2）私人煤炭公司试图阻止石油能源系统的整合，但这些较老的公司被较新的跨国石油公司所竞争。 （3）既有煤炭行业的劳工动荡浪潮在促使人们相对迅速地从煤炭转向石油方面发挥了关键作用。的确，这项研究的一个关键结论是，工会，民族主义运动和环境联盟等社会运动所施加的压力，在影响能源轨迹方面起着与政府和公司行为者更为普遍认可的行动一样重要的作用。通过研究在新能源技术集群中国家和私人投资的当代模式，以及环境法规的日益增长的影响，人们认为全球动力正在开始朝着向新的，环境更可持续的能源技术的方向发展迈进。燃料电池作为一种新的能源技术而得到了强调，尽管在风能，太阳能，小型水力发电和现代生物质能系统中也有扩展的潜力，但它有望在未来几十年内广泛传播。尽管必须克服很大的障碍，但本研究的结论是提出了为什么可以在二十一世纪向更可持续的全球能源系统转变的原因。

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