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Sketching spatial queries.

机译：草绘空间查询。

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Sketching, and in particular freehand sketching is a very old form of communication that has been used to visualize, store, and exchange information for thousands of years. However, and despite its expressiveness it has not yet become a frequently used modality to interact with computer systems. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) have a particular need for such advanced forms of interaction, because they involve complex and heterogeneous data structures, with an accentuated geo-spatial component. Within this scope, this thesis attempts to develop concepts and fundamental theories that make sketching useful for applications in the GISs domain.; To evaluate the practicability of sketching for modern human-computer interaction we have analyzed the process of interaction on different levels and from various perspectives. The interpretation of a survey that required human subjects to draw sketches according to written scenarios provided valuable information about people's sketching habits and strategies. Based on these observations we have developed a formal model of a sketch. The basic building blocks of this model are sketched objects and a subset of relevant, binary spatial relations. This subset is obtained by considering only relations between objects that are Voronoi neighbors. Relations are based on the topology, metric, and direction relationship between object pairs. Objects are described by geometric attributes. To prove our concepts we have implemented a software prototype of a sketch-based query user interface for GISs. This application can be used to draw sketches and query them against a simple, sketch database. The result is a ranked list of sketches that are conceptually similar to the sketched query.; We have observed that people use fairly simple and abstract objects in their sketches and we have shown that it is feasible to interpret and translate a sketched scene into a form that can be used to query a spatial database. We can, therefore, expect that sketching is an expressive modality and a realistic enhancement for applications where spatial information has to be browsed, queried, or updated, such as in a GIS.
机译：素描，特别是徒手素描是一种非常古老的交流形式，已经用于可视化，存储和交换信息了数千年。但是，尽管它具有表现力，但它尚未成为与计算机系统交互的常用方式。地理信息系统（GIS）特别需要这种高级的交互形式，因为它们涉及复杂且异构的数据结构，并具有突出的地理空间成分。在此范围内，本文试图开发一些概念和基础理论，以使素描对GIS领域的应用程序有用。为了评估草图在现代人机交互中的实用性，我们从不同的角度和不同的角度分析了交互过程。一项要求人类受试者根据书面方案绘制草图的调查的解释提供了有关人们素描习惯和策略的宝贵信息。基于这些观察，我们开发了草图的正式模型。该模型的基本构建块是草绘的对象以及相关的二进制空间关系的子集。通过仅考虑作为Voronoi邻居的对象之间的关系来获得此子集。关系基于对象对之间的拓扑，度量和方向关系。对象由几何属性描述。为了证明我们的概念，我们为GIS实现了基于草图的查询用户界面的软件原型。此应用程序可用于绘制草图，并根据简单的草图数据库进行查询。结果是草图的排序列表，这些草图在概念上与草图查询相似。我们已经观察到人们在素描中使用了相当简单和抽象的对象，并且我们已经表明将素描场景解释并转换为可用于查询空间数据库的形式是可行的。因此，我们可以预期，对于需要浏览，查询或更新空间信息的应用程序（例如GIS），草图绘制是一种表达方式，也是一种现实的增强。

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