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Struggle for national survival: Chinese eugenics in a transnational context, 1896-1945.

机译：为国家生存而奋斗：跨国背景下的中国优生学，1896-1945年。

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摘要

My dissertation is a historical investigation of the relationship between science and society through the comparative study of eugenics movements as they developed in both Japan and China from the 1890's to the 1940's. Overall, I envision this project of eugenics as a specific case study against a greater background of the transmission of Western science.; The dissertation is organized into an introduction, five chapters, and an epilogue, The introduction lays out the theoretical terrain and outlines the historical landscape from which eugenics came forth as a subject of interest. The second chapter delineates the emergence of “science” as a set of distinct disciplinary subjects, out of the holistic category of Western Learning (J. yôgaku and C. xixue) contributed by the Jesuits and premodern Eastern intellectuals. Subsequently, this chapter examines how modern scientific terminology was coined and refashioned within the interlocked linguistic context of Japan and China, and the parallel process that the eugenics ideas were going through in this context. After the initial stage of mere introduction of ideas into East Asia, the third chapter accounts for the process of eugenics being received as a branch of “science,” and for its transformation locally, by considering the Galtonian biometric strategy as a route toward scientific justification. With the progress of eugenics and its transformation into a form of public knowledge and a social movement in both countries, the fourth chapter examines their multi-layered social debates on, and politics of, heredity versus social influence on the body. As part of the social development of eugenics, the birth control movement was embraced by the feminists and socialists, but it soon ran up against the hard-line eugenics agenda. Focusing on the eugenicist perception of morality as inherent in sexuality, the fifth chapter analyzes the scientific basis assumed for the gendered assignment of biological function and the intriguing positions of women scientists. The sixth chapter studies the second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) which was perceived by both Japanese and Chinese eugenicists as a war of population. It deals with the eugenicists' representations and the scientists' efforts to forge a cohesive self-identity and national identity in the mobilization campaigns of both governments. It also analyzes the eugenicists' involvement in the State's implementation of population policy and eugenics bills, which were the embodiments of their conception of ethnic nation and racial body. The epilogue brings together prewar and wartime issues of eugenics in a discussion of the revision of the eugenics bill in Japan and the reinstatement of the eugenics bill in the People's Republic of China in the postwar era.; Throughout the thesis, I develop an understanding of “comparativism” as a methodological approach to simultaneity which encompasses plural nonsynchronic consciousnesses and temporalities, in addition to the conventional use of comparativism as juxtaposition to locate parallels of similarity and difference. I also develop a framework of “transnational science” as a more flexible concept to incorporate both local science and colonial science, and other possible forms of international cooperation, competition and circulation of the sciences and technologies. By analyzing the understudied subject of eugenics movements in Japan and China, this study contributes to our understanding of how science in its global transmission was transformed and grew in its local habitats.
机译：我的论文是通过对优生运动从1890年代到1940年代在日本和中国发展起来的比较研究，对科学与社会之间的关系进行了历史考察。总的来说，我认为优生学这个项目是在西方科学传播更大背景下的一个具体案例研究。论文分为引言，五章和结语。引言概述了理论领域，概述了优生学作为一个有趣的主题而来的历史景观。第二章描述了“科学”作为一组独特学科学科的出现，这些学科来自西方学习的整体范畴（J. yôgaku和C. xixue ）。由耶稣会士和前现代东方知识分子组成。随后，本章探讨了在日中两国相互联系的语言环境中如何创造和重塑现代科学术语，以及在这种情况下优生学思想正在经历的平行过程。在仅将思想引入东亚的初始阶段之后，第三章介绍了优生学作为“科学”分支接受的过程，以及通过将高尔顿生物识别策略视为通向科学论证的途径在本地进行转化的过程。 。随着优生学的进步及其在两国的公共知识形式和社会运动的转变，第四章考察了遗传与社会对身体的影响之间的多层次社会辩论以及政治。作为优生学社会发展的一部分，节育运动受到女权主义者和社会主义者的拥护，但很快就与强硬的优生学议程背道而驰。第五章着重于优生主义者对道德是性的内在认识，对第五章分析了生物学功能的性别分配和女科学家引人入胜的地位所假定的科学基础。第六章研究了第二次中日战争（1937年至1945年），日本和中国的优生主义者都将其视为一场人口战争。它涉及优生主义者的陈述以及科学家在两国政府的动员运动中努力建立凝聚力的自我认同和民族认同的努力。它还分析了优生主义者参与国家实施人口政策和优生法案的过程，这是他们对民族和种族团体概念的体现。结束语集中讨论了战后时代的优生学法案在战前和战时的问题，并讨论了日本在战后时代对优生法案的修订和中华人民共和国在恢复优生法案方面的讨论。在整个论文中，我对“比较主义”的理解是一种同时性的方法论方法，除了常规使用比较主义作为并置来定位相似性和差异性的平行性之外，它还包含了多种非共鸣意识和时间性。我还开发了“跨国科学”框架，将其作为一个更灵活的概念，以结合地方科学和殖民科学以及其他可能形式的国际合作，竞争和科学技术流通。通过对日本和中国优生学运动研究不足的主题进行分析，本研究有助于我们理解科学在其全球传播中如何在当地生境中转化和生长。

著录项

  • 作者

    Chung, Yuehtsen Juliette.;

  • 作者单位

    The University of Chicago.;

  • 授予单位 The University of Chicago.;
  • 学科 History Asia Australia and Oceania.; History of Science.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 1999
  • 页码 383 p.
  • 总页数 383
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 世界史;自然科学史;
  • 关键词

  • 入库时间 2022-08-17 11:48:05

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