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Technological development in Japan: Inventive activities, science, R&D, and productivity.

机译：日本的技术发展：发明活动，科学，研发和生产力。

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This dissertation examines (1) the development of inventive activities in Japan before W.W.II, (2) the relationship between academic research input and output of six industrialized nations including Japan after W.W.II, and (3) industrial R&D, inventive activities, and productivity of Japanese industries after W.W.II, Chapter 2 briefly reviews the development of the patent system and inventive activities in Japan before W.W.II. Japan voluntarily enacted the Patent Law and established a fairly solid patent system; inventive activities became widespread. Chapter 3 reexamines Schmookler's demand pull hypothesis and then investigates which socio-economic factors determined the development of inventive activities in Japan before W.W.II. The chapter points out that Schmookler failed to discuss the role of the supply side of goods. It argues that the supply side has an important role in shaping inventive activities, and it finds Japanese prewar data support this claim. Next, by estimating an aggregate patent production function, the chapter finds that human capital and foreign technology significantly contributed to inventive activities. Chapter 4 estimates an academic research production function with international data, including Japan, for the 1980's. The chapter finds, first, that Japan spent only one-half of the spending of other nations in terms of funding per capita or funding per GDP. Under these financial constraints, however, Japanese academic researchers still produced a respectable amount of research output. Second, the estimates of the research production function point to constant returns to scale. Third, the citation data show a consistent, strong downward flow of knowledge from basic sciences to applied sciences. Thus, basic sciences have a positive externality that facilitates research activities in more applied, downstream sciences. Chapter 5 estimates a patent production function and the rates of return to R&D of Japanese industry after W.W.II. The chapter found that both domestic R&D and foreign technology made important contributions to inventive activities. In the estimation of the rates of return to R&D, the chapter found that (1) foreign technology and domestic R&D worked together, and foreign technology boosted the returns to domestic R&D considerably; (2) the social rates of return to R&D is larger than the private rates of return to R&D.
机译：本文研究了（1）第二次世界大战之前日本发明活动的发展，（2）第二次世界大战之后日本等六个工业化国家的学术研究投入与产出之间的关系，以及（3）工业研发，发明活动和生产率关于第二次世界大战后日本工业的概述，第二章简要回顾了第二次世界大战前日本专利制度的发展和发明活动。日本自愿制定了《专利法》，建立了相当牢固的专利制度。发明活动广为流传。第3章重新审视了Schmookler的需求拉动假设，然后研究了哪些社会经济因素决定了第二次世界大战之前日本发明活动的发展。本章指出，施穆克勒未能讨论商品供应方的作用。它辩称，供应方在塑造发明活动中起着重要作用，并且发现日本战前的数据支持了这一主张。接下来，通过估算总的专利生产函数，本章发现人力资本和外国技术对发明活动做出了重大贡献。第4章利用包括日本在内的国际数据，估计了1980年代的学术研究生产功能。本章首先发现，就人均筹资或人均GDP而言，日本仅花费了其他国家支出的一半。然而，在这些资金限制下，日本学术研究人员仍然产生了可观的研究成果。其次，对研究生产函数的估计表明规模收益是不变的。第三，引文数据显示出从基础科学到应用科学的一致，强烈的向下知识流。因此，基础科学具有积极的外部性，从而促进了更多应用性下游科学的研究活动。第5章估算了第二次世界大战之后日本的专利生产功能和日本工业研发的回报率。本章发现，国内研发和国外技术都对发明活动做出了重要贡献。在估算R＆D回报率时，本章发现：（1）外国技术与国内R＆D协同工作，而外国技术大大提高了国内R＆D的回报； （2）R＆D的社会收益率大于R＆D的私人收益率。

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