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Robustness of parametric and nonparametric tests when distances between points change on an ordinal measurement scale.

机译：当点之间的距离按顺序测量尺度变化时，参数和非参数测试的鲁棒性。

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Ordinal measures currently enjoy widespread use. The use of a limited number of categories with equal lengths between points (the placements of categorical labels) on the scale may cause a loss of information. Many well-known studies claim that only nonparametric tests are appropriate for the nominal or ordinal level data, that parametric tests are appropriate for the interval or ratio level data; and ordinal numbers (equal lengths between points) cannot be meaningfully added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided. This citation has been one of the most controversial statements in applied statistics.;The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect on parametric and nonparametric tests using ordinal data when the distances between points changed on the measurement scale. The research examined the performance of Type I and Type II error rates using selected parametric and nonparametric tests.;Three experiments were conducted by generating simulation data on a seven-point Likert-scale using one uniform, three normal, and three gamma populations. Various unequal distance changes were made between points in the four phases of the experiments.;One and two random samples of simulation data were selected from seven populations. Selected parametric tests and nonparametric tests were used to examine the equality of means, medians, deviations, and distributions between two populations. Several computer programs were written in FORTRAN 77 to implement the algorithm of data simulation, parametric tests, and nonparametric tests. The simulation data were tested by the programs.;The results were analyzed in terms of Type I and Type II error rates with different sample sizes, populations, and phases. In summary, the nonparametric tests produced the same results when the distances between points changed on the scale. However, parametric tests show different results when the distances between points changed. The power of parametric and nonparametric tests were evaluated as underlying assumptions were violated in the location parameters.

机译：当前，序数度量得到广泛使用。使用数量有限的类别，在磅秤上的点（类别标签的位置）之间具有相等的长度，可能会导致信息丢失。许多著名的研究声称，只有非参数检验适用于名义或有序水平数据，而参数检验则适用于区间或比率水平数据。和序数（点之间的相等长度）不能有意义地相加，相减，相乘和相除。该引用一直是应用统计学中最具争议的陈述之一。这项研究的目的是，当点之间的距离在测量范围上变化时，使用有序数据来评估对参数和非参数测试的影响。该研究使用选定的参数检验和非参数检验检验了I型和II型错误率的性能。通过使用一个均匀，三个法向和三个伽马种群在七点李克特量表上生成模拟数据，进行了三个实验。在实验的四个阶段中，各点之间进行了各种不等距离变化。从七个总体中选择了一个和两个随机的模拟数据样本。使用选定的参数检验和非参数检验来检验均值，中位数，偏差和两个总体之间的分布是否相等。在FORTRAN 77中编写了一些计算机程序来实现数据模拟，参数测试和非参数测试的算法。通过程序对仿真数据进行了测试。根据不同样本大小，总体和阶段的I型和II型错误率对结果进行了分析。总之，当点之间的距离在比例尺上变化时，非参数检验会产生相同的结果。但是，当点之间的距离改变时，参数测试会显示不同的结果。由于在位置参数中违反了基本假设，因此评估了参数和非参数测试的功效。

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Chen, Andrew Hwa-Fen.;
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University of North Texas.;

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授予单位 University of North Texas.;
学科 Management.;Statistics.;Computer science.
学位 Ph.D.
年度 1994
页码 153 p.
总页数 153
原文格式 PDF
正文语种 eng
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2. Nonparametric bayes testing of changes in a response distribution with an ordinal predictor. [J] . Pennell ML, Dunson DB Biometrics: Journal of the Biometric Society : An International Society Devoted to the Mathematical and Statistical Aspects of Biology . 2008,第2期

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3. The nonlinear dynamic relationship of exchange rates: Parametric and nonparametric causality testing [J] . Stelios D. Bekiros, Cees G.H. Diks Journal of Macroeconomics . 2008,第4期

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4. Modeling agreement between ratings on an ordinal scale. [C] . The Eight China-Japan Symposium on Statistics . 2004

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5. A comparison of model-data fit for parametric and nonparametric item response theory models using ordinal-level ratings. [D] . Dyehouse, Melissa A. 2009

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6. Nonparametric Bayes testing of changes in a response distribution with an ordinal predictor [O] . Michael L. Pennell, David B. Dunson -1

机译：用序数预测变量对响应分布中的变化进行非参数贝叶斯检验
7. Decision-making is the process of analyzing information about a problem situation and comparing it to a specific conclusion in order to solve a specific problematic (Yıkılmaz, 2001; Miller and Byrnes, 2001). Decision-making styles are a mechanism that is influenced by the internal and external conditions that determine the direction of the decisions of the individual, the content of the decision-making process, and the outcome of the decision-making process (Payne, Bettman and Johson, 1993; Bavol’ár and Orosová, 2015). ACT is a contemporary member of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy family. ACT (Acceptance and commitment therapy) has both similar and different directions with Behavioral Therapies and Cognitive Therapies (Herbet and Forman, 2011; Hayes, 2004). KKT responds to classical behavioral treatments using both existential and cognitive approaches in the analysis of behavior. KKT is a science wing that tries to solve human problems with a wider perspective aimed at solving problematic human behaviors (Plumb, Stewart, Dahl and Lundgren, 2009). It is seen that there is very little research about the new approach of ACT approach when the aiming country of our country is screened and it is thought that our country will contribute to the field of psychological counseling with the work done. In the scope of the research, experimental and control groups and preliminary test, post-test and follow-up measurements of 2x3 experimental design were used. The study's study group consists of a total of 24 (12 experimental and 12 control groups) university students studying in different departments and levels, continuing their education in the academic year of 2015-2016 in Ağrı province and İbrahim Chechen University in 2015-2016 academic year. The average age of participants in the experiment and control group is 20. There were 12 participants in the experimental group, 7 female and 5 male, and 12 participants, 7 female and 5 male in the control group. Personal Information Form and Decision Making Style Scale prepared by the researcher were used in the research. In order to decide on the tests to be used in the course of analyzing the data, the scores of the participant's Decision Styles Scale pre-test, which are placed primarily in the experimental and control groups, it was analyzed whether the basic expectations of parametric tests were answered. As a result of the analysis made, the scores, skewness and kurtosis coefficients obtained from the Decision Making Styles Scale were given to the experimental and control groups. It was determined that the distribution was normal in the result of Shapiro-Wilk test, in which the skewness and kurtosis coefficients of each sub-scale were ranked between -1 and +1. Participants in the experimental and control groups; homogeneity test results for decision-style pre-test measurements indicate that the data are homogeneous. According to the results of the Mauchly Globalness Test, it has been determined that working supports the hypothesis. It was determined that there was no significant difference between the pre-test scores obtained from dependent decision-making style of experiment and control groups, but the test group showed lower mean scores at the significant level within the scores of post-test and follow-up tests. Therefore, it can be said that the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group reduces the dependent decision-making style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions and the psychoeducation program has a lasting effect. It was determined that there was no significant difference between pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores obtained from the Spontaneous-Instant Decision Style of experiment and control groups. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not cause a significant difference in the Spontaneous-Decision-Making Style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The ACT -oriented psychoeducation program had a decline in the intuitive decision-making styles of the individuals, but this decrease did not create significant differences. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not make a meaningful difference in the intuitive decision style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the KKT oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The pre-test scores obtained from the rational decision-making style of the experimental and control groups showed that there was a difference between the post-test and the follow-up scores, but this difference was not significant. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the test group had higher levels of rational decision style than the pre - test scores in the post test and follow - up scores, whereas the post test and follow - up test scores in the control group rational decision style showed a decrease compared to the pre - test scores. the pre - test scores. Decision-making Styles Scale Avoidant Decision Making As a result of the analysis of the mean scores of the subscale scores of pre-test, post-test and follow-up measures, the group effect was found to be insignificant. It was determined that the experimental and control groups differed significantly from the pre-test scores obtained from the avoidant decision-making style but did not show any significant change within the scores of the post-test and follow-up tests. [O] . mustafa ercengiz, ali haydar şar 2018

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8. The HST Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale. XV. Implications of a Cepheid Distance to the Fornax Cluster [R] . Madore, B. F., Freedman, W. L., Silbermann, N., 1998

机译：河外距离量表上的HsT重点项目。 XV。造父变星距离对Fornax群的影响

Robustness of parametric and nonparametric tests when distances between points change on an ordinal measurement scale.

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