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Self-evaluative task choice: Individual differences in probability of success, perception of task difficulty and attributional style.

机译：自我评估的任务选择：成功概率，对任务难度的感知和归因风格的个体差异。

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The following study investigated individual differences in self-evaluative task choice. Four styles of self-evaluative task choice were identified: (a) self-assessment--choosing tasks diagnostic both of high and low ability, (b) self-enhancement--choosing tasks diagnostic of high ability but not low ability, (c) low-ability-confirmation--choosing tasks diagnostic of low but not high ability, and (d) information-avoidance--choosing tasks diagnostic neither of high nor low ability. The primary purpose of the study was to demonstrate that these four individual differences in self-evaluative task choice are related to differences in subjective probability of success, perception of task difficulty, and tendency to self-blame (i.e., attributional style). Subjects were told they were participating in a study of the relationship between personality and cognitive ability. Subjects completed three personality questionnaires: the Attributional Style Questionnaire, the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy Scale, and the Self-Handicapping Scale. Subjects' style of self-evaluative task choice (e.g., self-enhancement) was determined by their choice of one of four forms of a cognitive abilities test that varied in type of performance feedback (e.g., the test form provided performance norms that could indicate high but not low ability). After subjects chose a form of the test, the study was complete. Results indicated (a) that the extent to which subjects sought accurate performance feedback was positively related to the extent to which they anticipated successful task performance, (b) that subjects who chose a test form that could diagnose low ability tended to perceive the test as less difficult than those who avoided diagnosticity of low ability, and (c) that subjects who chose the test form that accurately diagnosed low ability as well as high ability tended to attribute the causes of bad events (e.g., poor task performance) to factors other than themselves. Results are discussed in terms of a general tendency for individuals to protect themselves from ego-threatening ability-relevant information, either by avoiding such information, or by distancing themselves from it via anticipation of success, perceived low task difficulty, or externalization of blame for poor performance.
机译：以下研究调查了自我评价任务选择中的个体差异。确定了四种自我评估任务选择方式：（a）自我评估-选择对高能力和低能力都进行诊断的任务;（b）自我增强-选择对高能力但不对低能力进行诊断的任务，（c ）低能力确认-选择能力低但不是高能力的任务诊断，以及（d）信息回避-选择既不是高能力也不是低能力的任务诊断。该研究的主要目的是证明自我评估任务选择的这四个个体差异与主观成功概率，对任务难度的感知以及自责倾向（即归因风格）的差异有关。受试者被告知他们正在参加关于人格与认知能力之间关系的研究。受试者完成了三份个性问卷：归因风格问卷，Janis-Field感觉不足量表和自我障碍量表。受试者对自我评价任务选择（例如，自我增强）的方式是由他们选择四种形式的认知能力测验中的一种决定的，该四种形式的表现反馈的类型各不相同（例如，测验表提供了可以表明高但不是低的能力）。在受试者选择测试形式之后，研究便完成了。结果表明（a）受试者寻求准确绩效反馈的程度与他们预期成功的任务绩效的程度呈正相关，（b）选择能够诊断低能力的测试形式的受试者倾向于将测试视为避免避免低能力诊断的难度不那么大；（c）选择能够准确诊断低能力和高能力的测试形式的受试者倾向于将不良事件的原因（例如，不良的工作表现）归因于其他因素比自己。根据个人倾向于保护自身免受与自我相关的能力相关信息的总体趋势来讨论结果，可以通过避免此类信息，也可以通过对成功的期望，感知到的低工作难度或对责任的外部化而远离信息表现不佳。

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