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The citation process in scientific communication: An analysis of citer motivation and citation characteristics of Chinese physicists.

机译：科学交流中的引文过程：中国物理学家的引文动机和引文特征分析。

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摘要

A crucial aspect in the creation and dissemination of information is the use of citation--references made in published books and articles to the writings of other authors. Numerous studies have sought to understand the relationships between the practice of citation and those documents cited in scientific literature. Methodologies of those studies, however, depended heavily on inference rather than empirical evidence. Moreover, they took two distinct approaches. The normative school claimed that the citation process adhered to standards, while the opposing side contended that other factors were involved.; The goal of this study was to obtain insights into the citation process in scientific communication focusing on a barely touched problem--citation motivation. The hypothesis was tested that the citation process is not conducted with adherence to standards, rather it is associated with extra-scientific effects, and that citing motivators are most likely to contribute to the underlying norms of the citation process.; Different from most inferential methodologies, the findings of this research were derived from directly questioning the Chinese physicist authors who cited other authors' works in their published papers. Indicators of citing characteristics and motivations were identified by analyzing the data collected from the questionnaires. As a result, internal motivators and external factors were determined in terms of their relationships to the two citation indicators: citation output and citation essentiality.; Findings revealed that an author's citation output was positively related to his use of an institutional library, while citation essentiality was related to an author's personal assessment of the value of the citation to a particular scientific domain. Moreover, a single citation could serve a number of functions in both personal motivation and in social or psychological factors.; The results of this study partially supported its hypothesis that the citation process does not necessarily conform to standards nor does it operate under rational evaluation. The study concluded that an author's citing process is unique, personal and complex. It suggested that further investigations are needed to articulate the nature and norms of this more-private-than-public process.; The significance of this study lies in its exploratory approach to the problem of citing behavior and citer motivation via a non-traditional methodology--direct questioning, and in its achievement of some new insights into the citation process.
机译：创建和传播信息的一个关键方面是引用的使用-在已出版的书籍和文章中引用其他作者的作品。许多研究试图理解引用实践与科学文献中引用的文献之间的关系。但是，这些研究的方法学在很大程度上取决于推论而不是经验证据。此外，他们采取了两种截然不同的方法。规范学校声称引用过程遵循标准，而另一方则认为涉及其他因素。这项研究的目的是获得对科学传播中引文过程的见解，重点是几乎没有涉及的问题-引文动机。对假设进行了检验，认为引证过程并非遵循标准而进行，而是与超科学效应相关联，并且引证动机最有可能对引证过程的基本规范做出贡献。与大多数推论方法不同，本研究的发现直接来自对中国物理学家的质疑，他们在发表的论文中引用了其他作者的著作。通过分析从问卷中收集的数据，确定了引用特征和动机的指标。结果，内部动机和外部因素是根据它们与两个引文指标的关系确定的：引文输出和引文必要性。调查结果表明，作者的引文产出与他对机构图书馆的使用成正比，而引文的必要性则与作者对引文在特定科学领域的价值的个人评估有关。此外，单一引用可以在个人动机以及社会或心理因素中发挥多种作用。这项研究的结果部分支持了其假说，即引证过程不一定符合标准，也不在合理的评估下进行。研究得出结论，作者的引用过程是独特的，个人的和复杂的。它建议需要进行进一步的调查，以阐明这一比私人更为公开的过程的性质和规范。这项研究的意义在于其探索性方法通过非传统方法-直接询问来解决举证行为和举证动机的问题，并获得了对引证过程的一些新见解。

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