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首页> 外文学位 >The Anthropocene in North Central North America: Impacts of Climate Change and Alteration of the Landscape on Phenology and Species Persistence in Ohio.
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The Anthropocene in North Central North America: Impacts of Climate Change and Alteration of the Landscape on Phenology and Species Persistence in Ohio.

机译：北美中北部的人类世：气候变化和景观变化对俄亥俄州物候和物种持久性的影响。

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摘要

Climate change and anthropogenic alterations of the landscape like non-native species introduction, pollution, and habitat destruction substantially alter ecosystem functioning through shifts in key phenological events and changes in community composition as certain species and groups of species decrease in abundance and distribution. Alterations in the timing of flowering and leaf phenology have been observed worldwide but the dearth of long-term observational records limits assessment of phenological responsiveness in many regions and for many species. Similarly, there is insufficient observational data regarding the occurrences of the majority of described species to assess changes in population abundance or distribution over time. Thus, the conservation needs of these species cannot be assessed. To address these knowledge and data gaps, I used herbarium specimens as a non-traditional data source to develop a novel method for quantifying flowering shifts with temperature increase, to evaluate flowering responsiveness to temperature in 207 plant species in Ohio, and to determine changes in abundance and distribution of those species over the past 115 year. Further, I used one of the most comprehensive historic leaf phenology datasets in the world paired with modern observations to determine changes in total growing season length and to model spring and autumn leaf phenology using temperature and precipitation drivers.;Across the 116,000 km2 study area in north-central North America, the date of maximum flowering has advanced 2.4 d/°C, on average. However, species-specific variation in responses was high and ranged from -13.5 to +7.3 d/°C. Further, plant functional groups differed significantly in their phenological sensitivity to temperature with introduced, spring-flowering, and wind pollinated species showing greater flowering advancement with warming than native, summer-flowering, and biotically-pollinated species, respectively. Further, I found widespread evidence of threat to Ohio's biodiversity as 27% and 66% of the 207 species evaluated had decreased in abundance and distribution, respectively. Further, native species were seven-fold more likely to experience abundance decline and showed two-fold greater distribution contraction than introduced species. Traits that predispose species to decline such as reliance on a symbiont for growth or reproduction were also more common in native species and may partially account for performance differences among native and non-native species. Additionally, highly phenologically responsive introduced species seem to be favored with warming as these species significantly increased their distributions relative to less responsive species. In contrast, highly responsive native species received no performance benefits relative to those species that weakly shifted flowering with warming. Finally, a century of climate warming has resulted in growing season extension because of foliage coloration delays, and also, more variably, as a result of earlier budburst. Both contemporary observations and models of leaf coloration and fall suggest a compression of the duration of full canopy coloration as leaf fall is advanced in years with later leaf coloration. This relationship suggests that the timing of leaf abscission may be driven by endogenous factors associated with the timing of leaf coloration rather than direct effects of climatological variables.
机译：气候变化和人为地貌的变化，例如非本地物种的引入，污染和栖息地的破坏，通过重要的物候事件的变化和群落组成的变化，随着某些物种和物种种群的数量和分布减少，从而大大改变了生态系统的功能。在世界范围内已经观察到开花和叶片物候发生时间的变化，但是长期观察记录的缺乏限制了在许多地区和许多物种的物候响应能力的评估。同样，关于大多数所述物种的发生，也没有足够的观测数据来评估种群数量或分布随时间的变化。因此，无法评估这些物种的保护需求。为了解决这些知识和数据的空白，我使用植物标本室标本作为非传统的数据源，开发了一种新的方法来量化随温度升高的开花变化，评估俄亥俄州207种植物的开花对温度的响应能力，并确定在过去115年中这些物种的数量和分布。此外，我使用了世界上最全面的历史性叶子物候数据集之一，并结合了现代观测资料，确定了整个生长期的变化，并使用温度和降水量驱动因素对春季和秋季的叶子物候进行了建模。在整个116,000平方公里的研究区域中在北美中北部，最大开花日期平均提前了2.4 d /°C。但是，响应的物种特异性差异很大，范围从-13.5到+7.3 d /°C。此外，植物功能群对温度的物候敏感性显着不同，分别是引入的，春季开花的和风授粉的物种，其变暖的开花进展分别比本地，夏季开花的和生物授粉的物种大。此外，我发现了广泛的威胁俄亥俄州生物多样性的证据，因为所评估的207种物种中分别有27％和66％的丰度和分布减少。此外，本地物种发生丰度下降的可能性是引入物种的7倍，分布收缩则是引入物种的2倍。倾向于物种衰退的性状，例如对共生体的生长或繁殖的依赖，在本地物种中也更为普遍，可能部分解释了本地物种与非本地物种之间的性能差异。此外，变态反应性强的引入物种似乎更倾向于变暖，因为这些物种相对于响应性较弱的物种而言，其分布大大增加。相比之下，相对于那些变暖使花变弱的物种，高响应性的本地物种没有任何性能优势。最后，一个世纪的气候变暖导致了植物生长的延长，这是由于叶子的着色延迟，以及由于较早发芽导致的变化。当代的观察和叶片着色与落下的模型都表明，随着多年后叶片落入和后期叶片着色的发展，全冠层着色的持续时间受到压缩。这种关系表明，叶片脱落的时机可能是由与叶片着色时机相关的内源性因素驱动的，而不是气候变量的直接影响。

著录项

  • 作者

    Calinger, Kellen Marie.;

  • 作者单位

    The Ohio State University.;

  • 授予单位 The Ohio State University.;
  • 学科 Ecology.;Climate change.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2015
  • 页码 306 p.
  • 总页数 306
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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