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The Politics Behind Gender Quotas: Consequences for Women's Leadership Equity in African Legislatures.

机译：性别配额制背后的政治：非洲立法机构中女性领导权平等的后果。

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摘要

The surge in gender quotas across Africa raises questions about the varied impact of these measures on women's leadership equity in legislatures. With its focus on the international diffusion of these laws, the existing scholarly literature has yet to fully consider how domestic factors at the time of quota adoption may shape their impact on parties and legislators. Does political context at the time of gender quota adoption affect the law's ability to empower women within the legislative branch? To answer this question, I investigate four conditions under which countries adopt gender quotas -- level of women's mainstream political activity, strength of the NGO sector, openness of civic space to debate the laws, and the degree of political competition in the legislature -- to discern which combinations promote laws that empower women within the institution or reinforce party control.;To accurately test the effects of gender quotas, I develop a new index of women's leadership equity that measures the extent to which women in the legislature have authority in political decision-making through the leadership positions they attain. I apply this index to 34 African countries -- 18 with gender quotas and 16 without quotas -- and find that political competition and women's mainstream political activity strongly shape party interests and ultimately the design and effects of a gender quota. The design of the quota has consequences for whether women legislators are perceived as qualified, capable, and independent to serve in leadership positions.;To further unravel causal relationships, I compare three quota-adopting countries in northwestern Africa and analyze one country, Tanzania, over 20 years to explore how different laws and political conditions affected women's power in legislatures. The findings illustrate that the outcomes of gender quotas are highly contingent on political context and party interests, which suggest a need to shift how academics and practitioners analyze the interaction between international and domestic forces around policy change. This study also emphasizes that gender quotas are not a flawless solution for women's political empowerment, as the agendas of political parties designing the laws have lasting consequences for leadership equity.
机译：整个非洲的性别配额激增，引发了人们对这些措施对立法机关中女性领导权平等的不同影响的质疑。由于关注这些法律的国际传播，现有的学术文献尚未充分考虑配额采用时的国内因素如何影响其对政党和立法者的影响。通过性别配额时的政治环境是否会影响法律在立法部门内赋予妇女权力的能力？为了回答这个问题，我研究了各国采用性别配额的四个条件-妇女的主流政治活动水平，非政府组织部门的实力，公民对法律进行辩论的开放性以及立法机关的政治竞争程度-为了识别哪些组合可以促进法律授权机构内部的妇女或加强政党的控制。为了准确地检验性别配额的影响，我制定了妇女领导权平等的新指标，用以衡量立法机关中妇女在政治上的权威程度通过他们获得的领导职位来进行决策。我将此指数应用于34个非洲国家（有18个性别配额的国家和16个没有配额的国家），并且发现政治竞争和女性主流政治活动强烈影响着党派的利益，最终影响了性别配额的设计和影响。配额的设计会影响女性立法者是否被认为有资格，有能力和独立地担任领导职务。为了进一步阐明因果关系，我比较了西北非洲的三个采用配额的国家，并分析了一个国家，坦桑尼亚，历时20年，探讨了不同的法律和政治条件如何影响妇女在立法机关中的权力。研究结果表明，性别配额的结果在很大程度上取决于政治背景和政党利益，这表明有必要改变学者和实践者围绕政策变化分析国际力量和国内力量之间相互作用的方式。这项研究还强调，性别配额并不是增强妇女政治权能的完美解决方案，因为设计法律的政党议程对领导权平等产生持久影响。

著录项

  • 作者

    Arendt, Christie Marie.;

  • 作者单位

    The George Washington University.;

  • 授予单位 The George Washington University.;
  • 学科 Political science.;African studies.;Womens studies.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2017
  • 页码 311 p.
  • 总页数 311
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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