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Novel Application of Combined Heat and Power for Multifamily Residences and Small Remote Communities

机译：热电联产在多户住宅和偏远小社区的新应用

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摘要

Combined heat and power (CHP) systems are increasingly used in conjunction with traditional grid power for industrial and residential applications. This technology most often involves the on-site combustion of primary fuel, such that both electrical and thermal energy can be utilized to increase overall efficiency. It is also possible to create electrical and thermal energy from solar radiation, using hybrid photovoltaics and thermal (PVT) collectors. These are designed to lower the photovoltaic temperature, improving electrical efficiency, while providing useful thermal energy. One of the key steps in deploying CHP technology is optimal sizing and energy dispatch for a particular application. This work considers these problems for a natural gas powered CHP in a multi-family residential building in North America, and PVT for desalination in remote areas in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).;It has already been established that CHP for building applications can reduce grid power requirement and lower overall energy costs. However, no comprehensive study has considered optimizing CHPs for multi-family residences. Although this type of building represents a significant fraction of overall energy consumption in the US and world, they have been shown to be significantly less efficient than other types of residences. Also, due to significant thermal demand in the form of hot-water, multi-family residences are particularly well-suited for CHP.;Two separate natural gas powered CHP designs for a multi-family residence are presented in this work, both conceived as retrofits to an existing building. These designs use historical demand data from an all-electric 120-unit multi-family residence in Columbus, Ohio, US that was built in 2008 to minimum code standards. The first design uses a CHP that operates intermittently to meet partial loads for electricity and hot water in order to reduce overall energy cost, when considering a demand sensitive grid power cost pricing schedule. A mathematical model is developed for activating the CHP and dispatching its electric power to the building and thermal energy to a central hot water tank. The modeling includes a detailed cost function, which is optimized over the CHP and storage tank sizes under a constraint on the CHP duty cycle.;The second CHP design for a multi-family residence considers a cold climate, such that the building would have greater thermal energy needs. In this case, the CHP is used in conjunction with a ground-coupled geothermal heat pump (GCHP) system, forming a hybrid design. GCHP systems use the ground as a heat source or sink to improve the efficiency of space heating and cooling, and GCHP is often used in residential and commercial buildings due to their higher efficiency and lower environmental impact. However, for a heating-dominated climate, the residential building would take more thermal energy from the ground in the winter than it returns in the summer, causing the ground temperature to drop over time. To correct this, the design presented here operates the CHP continuously, and passes its excess thermal energy to the ground, thus enabling the possibility for balancing the heating and cooling of the ground over each year. On the electrical side of the system, a battery storage element is added to better match the variations in load to the continuous CHP electrical output.;The third CHP design considered in this work uses PVT for desalination in a hot, dry climate. As global demand for fresh water increases, desalination technology is becoming more important because natural supplies of fresh water are fixed. Desalination activity is largely concentrated in the Middle East, where dry Arab countries rely on desalination to meet their fresh water demand. The energy needed for desalination in the Middle East is mainly provided by burning oil, raising concerns about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and, frankly, increasingly depleted supply. In this context, this work presents a PVT design to power reverse-osmosis membrane desalination, most appropriate for small, remote communities in KSA. It has been shown that the energy demands for RO can be reduced by pre-heating the feed brine. Therefore, the design uses the thermal energy from PVT to pre-heat the feedwater and the electrical energy to satisfy the RO pumping demands. Thermal and battery storage, along with conventional backup power, are necessary in order to operate the RO continuously and utilize all of the renewable energy collected by the PVT. The design allows for sizing of the components in order to achieve minimum cost at any desired level of renewable energy penetration.;The performance of each design presented in this work is measured primarily in terms of economic cost and carbon reduction. Savings relative to using conventional grid power are computed, allowing for determination of payback time and net present value. Results indicate that each CHP design provides both cost advantage and carbon reduction, spread out over the system lifetime. The scale of the advantages is examined as a function of parameters such as natural gas and grid power prices.
机译：热电联产（CHP）系统越来越多地与传统的电网电源结合使用，用于工业和住宅应用。该技术通常涉及一次燃料的现场燃烧，从而可以利用电能和热能来提高整体效率。使用混合光伏和热（PVT）收集器，还可以从太阳辐射中产生电能和热能。这些旨在降低光伏温度，提高电效率，同时提供有用的热能。部署CHP技术的关键步骤之一是为特定应用优化尺寸和分配能量。这项工作考虑了北美多户住宅建筑中以天然气为动力的热电联产以及在沙特阿拉伯王国（KSA）偏远地区进行脱盐的PVT的这些问题。可以减少电网电力需求并降低总体能源成本。但是，没有全面的研究考虑为多户住宅优化CHP。尽管这种类型的建筑物在美国和世界范围内占总体能源消耗的很大一部分，但事实证明它们的效率大大低于其他类型的住宅。同样，由于热水形式的大量热需求，多户住宅特别适合CHP .;这项工作提出了两种针对多户住宅的天然气驱动的CHP设计，两者都被认为是改造现有建筑物。这些设计使用的历史需求数据来自美国俄亥俄州哥伦布的全电气120个单元的多户住宅，该住宅建于2008年，采用的是最低法规标准。当考虑对需求敏感的电网电价定价时间表时，第一种设计使用可间歇运行的CHP来满足电力和热水的部分负荷，从而降低总体能源成本。建立了一个数学模型来激活CHP并将其电力分配给建筑物，并将热能分配给中央热水箱。该模型包括一个详细的成本函数，该函数在CHP占空比的约束下针对CHP和储罐尺寸进行了优化。;多户住宅的第二种CHP设计考虑了寒冷的气候，因此该建筑物将具有更大的热能需求。在这种情况下，将CHP与地面耦合地热热泵（GCHP）系统结合使用，形成混合设计。 GCHP系统使用地面作为热源或水槽，以提高空间供暖和制冷的效率，GCHP由于效率更高且对环境的影响较小，因此经常用于住宅和商业建筑。但是，对于以供暖为主的气候，住宅建筑物在冬天从地面吸收的热能比夏天返回的要多，从而导致地面温度随时间下降。为了解决这个问题，此处介绍的设计会连续运行CHP，并将其多余的热能传递到地面，从而使每年平衡地面加热和冷却的可能性成为可能。在系统的电气方面，增加了一个电池存储元件，以更好地将负载的变化与连续的CHP电力输出相匹配。这项工作中考虑的第三个CHP设计使用PVT在炎热干燥的气候中进行脱盐。随着全球对淡水的需求增加，由于淡水的自然供应是固定的，因此脱盐技术变得越来越重要。海水淡化活动主要集中在中东，干燥的阿拉伯国家依靠海水淡化来满足其淡水需求。中东淡化所需的能源主要是通过燃烧石油来提供的，这引起了人们对温室气体（GHG）排放的担忧，坦率地说，供应日益枯竭。在这种情况下，这项工作提出了一种PVT设计，可为反渗透膜脱盐提供动力，最适合KSA中的小型偏远社区。已经表明，通过预热进料盐水可以降低对RO的能量需求。因此，该设计使用来自PVT的热能来预热给水和电能，以满足RO泵送需求。为了使RO连续运行并利用PVT收集的所有可再生能源，必须具有热量和电池存储以及常规的备用电源。该设计允许确定组件的大小，以便在任何所需的可再生能源渗透水平上实现最低成本。这项工作中介绍的每种设计的性能主要根据经济成本和碳减排量来衡量。计算相对于使用常规电网功率的节省量，从而确定投资回收期和净现值。结果表明，每种热电联产设计均在系统寿命期内提供了成本优势和碳减排优势。根据诸如天然气和电网电价之类的参数来检查优势的规模。

著录项

  • 作者

    Alqaed, Saeed A.;

  • 作者单位

    University of Dayton.;

  • 授予单位 University of Dayton.;
  • 学科 Mechanical engineering.
  • 学位 Dr.Ph.
  • 年度 2017
  • 页码 123 p.
  • 总页数 123
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 人类学;
  • 关键词

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