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首页> 外文学位 >Protecting mental health in the age of anxiety: The context of Valium's development, synthesis, and discovery in the United States, to 1963.
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Protecting mental health in the age of anxiety: The context of Valium's development, synthesis, and discovery in the United States, to 1963.

机译：在焦虑症时代保护心理健康：Valium在1963年在美国的发展，合成和发现的背景。

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摘要

This dissertation draws out various facets of the conditions preparing and situating Valium as a marketable substance and cultural entity. It offers one explanation for the widespread prescription and use of Valium in the 1960s.;The post-World War II conceptualization of mental health and illness as a spectrum, with the majority of Americans falling between the poles and therefore either neurotic or at risk, heightened interest in mental health. Increased availability of health insurance brought more Americans to their physicians. National programs - establishment of the National Institutes of Mental Health, the Hill-Burton Act, and formation of a Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health through the 1955 Mental Health Study Act - recognized widespread support for programs to increase the number of mental health practitioners and facilities focused on neuroses, personality disorders, and outpatients in general. Popular theories, including Walter Cannon's homeostasis and Hans Selye's General-Adaptation-Syndrome, promoted the idea that stress, and response to it, were among the most important aspects of health. The American public increased its demands for mental health services. Interplay between these conditions promoted use of psychopharmaceuticals. They were quick to prescribe and therefore allowed doctors to see more patients each day. They somaticized mental illness, bringing it within the boundaries of traditional medical insurance coverage. They did not cure an illness; they reduced symptoms and therefore either allowed the body to recover, or in an ongoing fashion prevented immature personalities from reaction to stresses in a manner leading to more serious medical problems.;In the 1950s, it became possible to screen chemicals for a tranquilizer. The expense of creating and treating experimental neuroses in animals to screen chemical compounds was prohibitive. Yet these experiments informed pharmacologists; they could identify antineurotic or tranquilizing drugs through physical manifestations. With availability of antibiotics, pharmaceutical industries could keep fairly healthy populations of mice, rats, cats, and monkeys for testing. Chlorpromazine's discovery and introduction into institutional psychiatry, around 1953, set out the basic features defining a tranquilizer. By 1958, pharmacologists had the ability and expectations required to inject a mouse with diazepam, check if it rolled off an inclined screen and, observing the tumbling rodent, recognize the ingested molecule was a potentially marketable tranquilizer.;Valium's development and discovery took place when tranquilizers were new and held out promise as mental health prophylactics, mild sedatives, and safe hypnotics. Mild mental illness needed rapid, effective, and fairly inexpensive treatment. Faced with patients undergoing severe or ongoing stress, doctors turned to anxiety-reducing drugs in order to prevent psychosomatic mechanisms resulting leading to any of a dozen physical illnesses. Compared with earlier alternatives - barbiturates, alcohol, major tranquilizers - Valium was safe, nonaddicting, and had few if any dangerous side effects.
机译：本论文从各个方面阐述了将钡作为可销售的物质和文化实体的准备和条件。它为1960年代对Val的广泛处方和使用提供了一种解释。；第二次世界大战后，人们将精神健康和疾病视为一种频谱，大多数美国人处于两极之间，因此既神经质又处于危险之中，对心理健康的兴趣增强。越来越多的健康保险为美国人带来了更多的医生。国家计划-建立国家心理健康研究所，《希尔-伯顿法案》，以及通过1955年《心理健康研究法》成立心理疾病和健康联合委员会-认可了对增加心理健康从业人员人数的计划的广泛支持以及针对神经症，人格障碍和门诊患者的设施。流行的理论，包括沃尔特·坎农（Walter Cannon）的体内平衡和汉斯·塞利（Hans Selye）的“一般适应综合症”，提倡一种观念，即压力和对压力的反应是健康最重要的方面之一。美国公众增加了对精神卫生服务的需求。这些条件之间的相互作用促进了心理药物的使用。他们开的很快，因此每天可以让医生看更多的病人。他们对精神疾病进行了躯体化，将其纳入了传统医疗保险范围之内。他们没有治愈疾病。它们减轻了症状，因此可以使身体恢复健康，或者以持续的方式阻止未成熟的人格对压力的反应，从而导致更严重的医学问题。；在1950年代，可以筛选用于镇静剂的化学药品。在动物体内建立和治疗实验性神经病以筛选化合物的费用令人望而却步。然而，这些实验使药理学家了解了很多。他们可以通过身体表现识别抗肿瘤药或镇静药。有了抗生素，制药业就可以保持小鼠，大鼠，猫和猴子相当健康的种群进行测试。 1953年左右，氯丙嗪的发现和引入机构精神病学的研究提出了定义镇静剂的基本特征。到1958年，药理学家已经具备了向小鼠注射地西epa，检查它是否从倾斜的屏幕上滚动下来并观察到啮齿类动物啮齿类动物后认识到所摄入的分子是潜在可销售的镇定剂的能力和期望。镇静剂是新的，并有望作为心理健康预防剂，温和的镇静剂和安全的催眠药。轻度精神疾病需要快速，有效和相当便宜的治疗。面对遭受严重或持续压力的患者，医生转向减少焦虑的药物，以防止导致多种身体疾病的心身机制。与早期的替代品-巴比妥酸盐，酒精，主要的镇静剂相比-钡是安全的，不易上瘾的，并且几乎没有危险的副作用。

著录项

  • 作者

    Guise-Richardson, Catherine (Cai).;

  • 作者单位

    Iowa State University.;

  • 授予单位 Iowa State University.;
  • 学科 American Studies.;History of Science.;History United States.;Health Sciences Pharmacology.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2009
  • 页码 384 p.
  • 总页数 384
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 美洲史;药理学;自然科学史;
  • 关键词

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