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Elderly labor supply in a rural, less developed economy: An empirical study.

机译：农村欠发达经济体中的老年人劳动力供给：一项实证研究。

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摘要

The important factors that determine the living standards of adults are labor force participation, living arrangements, and health status. For the elderly, lifetime asset accumulation is another key determinant of living standards in old age.;In a majority of less developed countries (LDCs), especially in the rural areas, asset accumulation levels of the elderly are very low. Employer-based or public pension income is accessible to only a tiny percentage of the elderly. A crucial aspect of empirical and policy interest is how do rural LDC elderly obtain economic welfare in the absence of private asset accumulation or formal public programs. A majority of the elderly continue to work in very old age. A majority of the rural LDC elderly, especially in South Asia, also live in extended households, which typically include their children, and the children's families. How this living arrangement impacts the elderly has been examined only sparingly. Indeed, national policy on older persons in India, for instance, has implicitly assumed that the extended household works well in delivering old age support.;In light of these facts, the current study presents an empirical economic profile of rural elderly in Northern India by examining their labor supply in detail. Elderly labor supply is estimated via a structural framework that is robust to the endogeneity of marginal productivity, and includes a wide range of demographic, household-level, and infrastructure covariates. The framework is used to examine the extended household as an old age support mechanism.;Rural work behavior is observed separately for wage-based labor, production on household farms, and household-owned business enterprises. Secondly, the study attempts to situate the labor supply analysis in the larger context of intrahousehold economics. A specific question asked is, do rural elderly work out of preference or are they primarily compelled by poverty? This question is interpreted as a "poverty hypothesis" for elderly labor supply. The hypothesis was originally developed in the economics literature on LDC child labor. Congruent with child labor, a general form of the hypothesis states that the household's poverty compels the elderly to work. The corresponding empirical implication is that the own-wage elasticity of the elderly will be negative. Finally, labor supply in domestic work, and other non-market work activities, is included in the analysis. Reduced-form estimates are derived for the labor participation decision in any type of work.;The empirical findings suggest that living with adult children does not have statistically significant influences on the hours supplied by the elderly in wage-based labor. The non-elderly working coresiding members are, on the other hand, predicted to work more wage hours if elderly are present in the household. The own-wage elasticity of annual hours of elderly labor supply is estimated to be negative for wage work.;The reduced-form model for labor participation predicts that elderly men coresiding with at least one adult son and daughter-in-law are less likely to choose to work. Elderly women coresiding with adult daughters are less likely to be working. The elderly not coresiding with adult children are less likely to be working when small children and young teenagers are present in the household.;The empirical results provide strong support for formal social security programs, and for elderly-targeted policies to be combined with rural poverty alleviation and employment generation.
机译：决定成年人生活水平的重要因素是劳动力的参与程度，生活安排和健康状况。对于老年人而言，终生资产积累是老年人生活水平的另一个关键因素。在大多数欠发达国家（LDC）中，尤其是在农村地区，老年人的资产积累水平很低。基于雇主或公共养老金的收入只有一小部分老年人可以使用。经验和政策利益的一个关键方面是，在没有私人资产积累或没有正式的公共计划的情况下，农村最不发达国家的老年人如何获得经济福利。大多数老年人在很老的时候就继续工作。大多数农村最不发达国家的老年人，特别是在南亚，也住在大家庭中，通常包括他们的孩子和孩子的家庭。这种生活安排对老年人的影响是很少的。的确，例如，印度的国家老年人政策隐含地假设大家庭在提供老年人抚养方面工作良好。鉴于这些事实，当前的研究提供了印度北部农村老年人的实证经济概况。详细检查他们的劳动力供应。老年人的劳动力供应是通过对边际生产率的内生性具有鲁棒性的结构框架进行估算的，其中包括广泛的人口，家庭水平和基础设施协变量。该框架用于检查作为老年支持机制的大家庭。分别观察工资劳动，家庭农场生产和家庭企业的农村工作行为。其次，本研究试图将劳动力供给分析置于家庭内部经济学的大背景下。提出的一个具体问题是，农村老年人工作是出于偏爱还是主要由于贫困而被迫？这个问题被解释为老年人劳动力供给的“贫困假说”。该假设最初是在有关最不发达国家童工现象的经济学文献中提出的。该假设的一般形式与童工现象相吻合，指出家庭的贫困迫使老年人工作。相应的经验暗示是，老年人的自身工资弹性为负。最后，分析中包括家庭工作和其他非市场工作中的劳动力供应。简化形式的估计是针对任何类型的工作中的劳动参与决策而得出的。实证研究结果表明，与成年子女同住不会对老年人从事基于工资的劳动所提供的时间产生统计学上的显着影响。另一方面，如果家庭中有老年人，则预计非老年人工作的核心成员将工作更多的工资小时。估计老年人劳动年供应的小时工资的自身工资弹性对有薪工作是不利的；劳动参与的简化形式模型预测，与至少一名成年儿子和daughter妇在一起的老年人选择工作。与成年女儿一起生活的老年妇女工作的可能性较小。当家庭中有小孩和青少年时，不与成年子女共处的老年人工作的可能性较小。;实证结果为正式的社会保障计划以及针对老年人的政策与农村贫困相结合提供了有力支持缓解和创造就业机会。

著录项

  • 作者

    Sawant, Kshama Vivek.;

  • 作者单位

    North Carolina State University.;

  • 授予单位 North Carolina State University.;
  • 学科 Gerontology.;Economics General.;Economics Labor.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2009
  • 页码 263 p.
  • 总页数 263
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 老年病学;经济学;劳动经济;
  • 关键词

  • 入库时间 2022-08-17 11:38:26

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