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Community participation in tsunami disaster response and recovery in Thailand.

机译：社区参与泰国的海啸灾难响应和恢复。

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On December 26, 2004, the world witnessed one of the most destructive natural disasters in modern history, the Indian Ocean tsunami or the Asian tsunami. The gigantic waves were the result of an undersea quake that originated north west of Sumatra Island in Indonesia. The countries most affected by the tsunami were India, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and Thailand and the governments of each were forced to implement disaster response and recovery efforts. The purpose of the study was to ensure meaningful public participation in the disaster response and recovery context of a natural disaster. The objectives were to: (1) broadly identify and describe the response and recovery projects undertaken in post-tsunami Thailand; (2) examine the participation of affected communities in the decision making during disaster response and recovery; (3) examine obstacles to successful participation in disaster response and recovery projects.;A case study approach was used to accomplish the objectives of the study. Two affected communities in Thailand, namely Ban Namkem and Ban Tungwa, were selected for this research. Experiences of the two communities were presented and analyzed through document review, participant observation, and semi-structured interviews. Interviews were also carried out with key informants from the Thai government and international and national non-government organizations that assisted in the tsunami response and recovery efforts.;Results show that there was no consensus on the success of the tsunami disaster response in Thailand. The rapid response of the Thai government was effective for the search and rescue operations, but in terms of aid distribution and relief operations, errors were made that should be examined. The Thai government immediately formed a chain-of-command and distribution of responsibilities to different Ministries. The response phase focused mainly on assisting the victims with search and rescue teams and basic necessities. Donations and volunteers came from aid organizations as well as the Thai citizens residing within and out of Thailand. Community participation during this phase was shown in the establishment of temporary relief camps for the victims of Ban Namkem and Ban Tungwa communities provided by local NGOs. Overall, there was, however little involvement of the impacted public in the response despite the fact that those affected were in fact the first responders.;The tight timeframe and overwhelming number of tasks carried out by field staff, as well as the strict criteria for aid, prevented the government from reaching out to all victims. These factors discouraged field staff from implementing programs that would enable the community to participate and voice their concerns during the recovery effort. Failure to involve the affected communities or lack of meaningful public participation led to time consuming and costly delays and development projects which were not popular with the affected community. In fact, a housing project implemented without community input was abandoned due to its low quality and failure to meet the affected community's lifestyle. Findings show that the two communities studied were capable of making their own decisions and organizing themselves to assist each other as early as right after the disaster struck. It was also clear that community participation in the decision-making process could empower and promote the solidarity of the community, which in turn enables community members to protect themselves from outsiders' exploitation, as shown in the fight for land rights that ensued in Ban Namkem and Ban Tungwa communities.;Obstacles that either prevented or decreased the capacity of community members to participate arranged from a general lack of opportunity to participate in any of the response or recovery decisions to low expectations within the affected communities regarding government assistance and/or any call for their involvement in the decision-making process. The overwhelming number of responsibilities placed on field staff also impacted their ability to involve people in a timely way.;Recommendations for meaningful community participation in disaster response and recovery include: extending planning timeframes to allow community input in the planning and implementation of response and recovery projects. Community members should be involved very early in disaster response and recovery in order since they will best know community's needs and built trust and partnership between the community and the relief providers. Relief organizations and/or government need to step back and enable the affected communities to drive their own disaster recovery project. Lastly, regular meetings and discussion among the victims as well as with the aid providers is a therapeutic way of dealing with grief and sorrow. The meetings and discussions are also an opportunity to rebuild community ties and networks which may have been lost due to the disaster.
机译：2004年12月26日，世界目睹了现代历史上最具破坏力的自然灾害之一，印度洋海啸或亚洲海啸。巨大的波浪是印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛西北部海底地震的结果。受海啸影响最大的国家是印度，马尔代夫，斯里兰卡，印度尼西亚和泰国，每个国家的政府都被迫执行灾难响应和恢复工作。该研究的目的是确保有意义的公众参与自然灾害的灾难响应和恢复。目标是：（1）广泛地确定和描述在泰国海啸后开展的应对和恢复项目； （2）检查受影响社区在灾难响应和恢复过程中参与决策的情况； （3）研究成功参与灾害响应和恢复项目的障碍。采用案例研究的方法来完成研究的目标。本研究选择了泰国的两个受影响的社区，即Ban Namkem和Ban Tungwa。通过文档审查，参与者观察和半结构化访谈，介绍和分析了两个社区的经验。还与泰国政府以及协助海啸应对和灾后恢复工作的国际和国家非政府组织的主要信息提供者进行了访谈；结果表明，对于泰国海啸灾难应对的成功尚未达成共识。泰国政府的迅速反应对搜救行动是有效的，但是在援助分发和救济行动方面，出现了错误，应予以检查。泰国政府立即形成了指挥链，并向不同的政府部门分配了责任。应对阶段的重点主要是向受害者提供搜救队和基本必需品的帮助。捐赠和志愿者来自援助组织以及居住在泰国境内和境外的泰国公民。当地非政府组织为Ban Namkem和Ban Tungwa社区的受害者建立了临时救济营，表明了这一阶段的社区参与。总体而言，尽管受影响的人实际上是第一响应者，但受影响的公众很少参与其中;实地工作人员执行的时间紧迫且任务数量众多，并且严格的标准援助，阻止了政府接触所有受害者。这些因素使实地工作人员无法实施使社区参与并在康复工作中表达自己的关切的方案。未能使受影响的社区参与进来或缺乏有意义的公众参与导致了耗时且代价高昂的延误以及开发项目，这些项目在受影响的社区中并不受欢迎。实际上，由于质量低和无法满足受影响社区的生活方式，在没有社区投入的情况下实施的住房项目被放弃了。调查结果表明，所研究的两个社区有能力做出自己的决定，并能够在灾难发生后立即组织彼此互相帮助。同样很明显，社区参与决策过程可以增强和促进社区的团结，这反过来又使社区成员能够保护自己免受外来者的剥削，如南纳姆（Ban Namkem）随后发生的争取土地权之战所示。以及阻碍或降低社区成员参与能力的障碍，是由于总体上没有机会参与任何响应或恢复决定，而受影响社区对政府援助和/或任何其他方面的期望较低要求他们参与决策过程。实地工作人员承担的压倒性多数也影响了他们及时参与人员的能力。建议有意义的社区参与灾难响应和恢复的建议包括：延长规划时间范围，以允许社区在响应和恢复的规划和实施中投入项目。社区成员应尽早参与灾难响应和恢复，因为他们将最了解社区的需求，并在社区与救灾提供者之间建立信任和伙伴关系。救济组织和/或政府需要退后一步，使受影响的社区能够推动自己的灾难恢复项目。最后，在受害者之间以及与援助者之间定期开会和讨论是治疗悲伤和悲伤的一种治疗方法。这些会议和讨论也是重建因灾难而失去的社区联系和网络的机会。

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