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Social capital and labour market outcomes of recent immigrants to Canada: Employment entry, wages and duration of access to the first job in intended occupation.

机译：最近移民到加拿大的社会资本和劳动力市场成果：就业机会，工资和预期职业中第一份工作的持续时间。

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摘要

This thesis consists of three studies on the role of social capital on the economic performance of recent immigrants to Canada in terms of employment probability, wages and time taken to access to the first job in intended occupation.;The second study of the thesis investigates the interactions between social capital and immigrants' wages, attempting to deal with some of the difficulties faced by previous studies on returns to social capital. The suspected correlation between social capital and unobserved individual ability motivates the study to treat social capital as endogenous. The estimator proposed by Hausman and Taylor (1981) is used to take into account this endogeneity. This estimator is then shown to be efficient and consistent and is favoured over other panel data estimators. The results indicate that social capital adds to human capital and has important effects on immigrant wages during their first years in Canada. Strong ties such as family networks and friends dominate weak ties such as organizations in helping immigrants get higher wages during their first four years in Canada. This is true especially for those who are disadvantaged with respect to their human capital. Meanwhile, the ethnic diversity of the workplace network is the most influential factor within social capital that affects wages for both male and female immigrants.;Using detailed information on employment trajectory and intended occupation provided by the LSIC, the third study of the thesis examines the occupational outcomes of recent immigrants in terms of duration of access to the first job in intended occupation. The matching between actual and intended occupations is obtained from the first two digits of occupational codes, considering both occupation type and skill level. Using a Cox proportional hazard model framework, the study investigates the roles of both human capital and social capital in speeding up the matching process of actual and intended occupations. It finds that the initial year in Canada is critical for an immigrant to land a job in intended field and after this period the hazards of finding employment in intended occupation flatten down for both genders. The results confirm the hypothesis that while human capital such as education and language ability, especially English proficiency and Canadian work experience, facilitates an immigrant's employment access to his or her intended occupation, social capital, mainly friend networks, also plays a role in hastening access to employment in desired occupational fields for both genders.;The first study addresses literature gaps by performing an empirical analysis of the relationship between social capital and employment entry of recent immigrants using the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (LSIC). The research builds indicators of social capital based on a network-based concept using information unique to the LSIC, considering the types of networks (kinship, friendship, organization) and their content (size, diversity, density, quality). The study further explores the relationship between those indicators and employment likelihood of immigrants, using panel logit models including fixed-effects, random-effects and generalized estimating equations (GEE) population-averaged models to control for unobserved individual heterogeneity. The analysis reveals significant variability in the social capital stock across immigration classes and ethnic groups; furthermore, social capital stock, as measured by various indicators, influences the probability of employment in the initial four years. Possibly through a more ethnically diverse network, social capital plays an important role in facilitating the economic assimilation of recent immigrants in terms of a higher probability of getting employment.
机译：本论文包括三份关于社会资本在加拿大新移民的经济表现中的作用的研究，涉及就业概率，工资和获得预期职业的第一份工作所需的时间。社会资本与移民工资之间的相互作用，试图解决先前关于社会资本收益的研究所面临的一些困难。社会资本与未观察到的个人能力之间的可疑相关性促使该研究将社会资本视为内生的。 Hausman和Taylor（1981）提出的估计量用于考虑这种内生性。然后表明该估计器是有效且一致的，并且优于其他面板数据估计器。结果表明，社会资本增加了人力资本，并在移民进入加拿大的头几年对他们的工资产生了重要影响。诸如家庭网络和朋友之类的牢固关系主导着诸如组织之类的较弱的关系，以帮助移民在加拿大的头四年获得更高的工资。对于那些在人力资本方面处于不利地位的人尤其如此。同时，工作场所网络的种族多样性是社会资本中影响男性和女性移民工资的最有影响力的因素。;第三篇研究论文利用LSIC提供的有关就业轨迹和预期职业的详细信息，研究了就预期职业中获得第一份工作的持续时间而言，新移民的职业成果。考虑到职业类型和技能水平，可以从职业代码的前两位数字获得实际职业和预期职业之间的匹配。使用考克斯比例风险模型框架，该研究调查了人力资本和社会资本在加速实际职业和预期职业的匹配过程中的作用。调查发现，加拿大的第一年对于移民在预期领域中找到工作至关重要，在此之后，对于男女来说，在预期职业中找到工作的危险趋于平缓。结果证实了这样的假设：尽管诸如教育和语言能力等人力资本，尤其是英语水平和加拿大工作经验，可以促进移民找到其预期职业的就业机会，但社会资本（主要是朋友网络）在加速获取机会方面也起着作用。第一项研究通过使用加拿大移民纵向调查（LSIC）对社会资本与新移民的就业机会之间的关系进行了实证分析，从而解决了文献方面的空白。这项研究基于网络的概念，使用LSIC特有的信息来建立社会资本指标，同时考虑网络的类型（亲属，友谊，组织）及其内容（大小，多样性，密度，质量）。这项研究使用包括固定效应，随机效应和广义估计方程（GEE）人口平均模型在内的面板logit模型来控制那些指标与移民就业可能性之间的关系，以控制未观察到的个体异质性。分析表明，不同移民阶层和种族群体的社会资本存量存在显着差异。此外，以各种指标衡量的社会资本存量会影响最初四年的就业机会。社会资本可能通过一个更加种族多样化的网络，在促进新移民的经济同化方面发挥着重要作用，因为这有更高的就业机会。

著录项

  • 作者

    Xue, Li.;

  • 作者单位

    University of Ottawa (Canada).;

  • 授予单位 University of Ottawa (Canada).;
  • 学科 Economics Labor.;Sociology Ethnic and Racial Studies.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2008
  • 页码 160 p.
  • 总页数 160
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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