Population mobility which bas been recognized as a socioeconomic phenomenon, is an important representation of the development of urbanization and modernization in China. This study take the floating population of Shanxi province as study object and take prefecture-level city、county-level city and country as the research unit, based on the census data of Shanxi province, used floating population location quotient and multi-center model to analyze the spatial distribution characters of floating population. Then we studied the influence factors which caused the special phenomenon. The result showed that:1) during the study period, the scale of floating population in Shanxi province experienced a rapid development, capital city and prefecture-level cities have an important effect in absorbing floating population;2) small and medium-sized cities gradually become the new driving force which can affect the development process of the spatial pattern of floating population;3) the development of floating population form native cities showed a trend of evolution form spatial agglomeration to spatial equilibrium, the floating population from other cities and provinces presented a character of gathering to the district which has bigger population size and higher urban hierarchy;4) the floating population agglomeration is closely related to the location condition and the size and the designated function of cities, but is not significantly related to the urbanization rate.%基于山西省人口普查资料，采用流动人口区位商和人口多中心模型对山西省流动人口空间分布特征及影响因素进行研究，结果表明：研究时段内，山西省流动人口规模发展迅速，地级以上城市在吸纳流动人口方面有着重要作用；中小城市逐步成为影响流动人口空间格局演变的新驱动力；来源于本县（市、区）的流动人口逐步由空间集聚向空间均衡方向发展，来源于本省其它县（市、区）和省外的流动人口，呈现向人口规模大、城市等级高的地区集聚的特征；流动人口集聚与区位条件、城市规模和城市性质密切相关，与城镇化水平并不显著相关。
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