宏基因组学（ metagenome）是直接从土壤、海水、人及动物胃肠道、口腔、呼吸道、皮肤等环境中获取样品DNA，利用载体将其克隆到替代宿主细胞中构建宏基因文库，以高通量检测为主要技术来研究特定环境中全部微生物的基因组及筛选活性物质和基因的新兴学科。利用宏基因组学技术不仅能够有效地检测特定环境的微生物群落结构，扩展了微生物资源的利用空间，发展了新兴的高通量检测技术，丰富了生物信息学内容。基于宏基因组学研究方法在环境微生物研究中的优势，对近年来相关领域、方法及其在人及动物病原微生物研究中的应用进行综述，以期将此方法用于实验动物病原微生物的调查分析及动物疫情、生物安全的监测。%Metagenomics ( metagenome) obtained all the microorganisms genome in specific biological environment from DNA samples directly from soil, water and skin, body cavity of human and animals.The metagenomic library was constructed by cloning them into alternative host cells using the vector, which is a discipline of screening new active substances and new genes by high-throughput sequencing.Therefore,using metagenomics not only can effectively detect the composition of microbial community of specific environment,but also greatly expanded the utilize the space of the microbial resources, developed of the next sequencing, enriched the content of bioinformatics. Based on the advantages of metagenomics,we summarized the major advances of metagenomics in human and animal pathogenic microorganisms in recent years,which might be used for the investigation and analysis of microbial pathogens of laboratory animal, animal epidemic monitoring and diagnosis of biological safety.
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