Human microbiome project(HMP) phase Ⅰ have been completed last year and a slew of genetic sequences have obtained from human oral microbiome project, a sub-project of HMP. This review summarized the extensive oral microbiome composition and diversity, including bacteria, fungi, virus and archae. By analyzing the microbiota of clinical samples collected from patient suffering from diseases such as caries, periodontal diseases and systematic diseases, the relationship between oral microbial shifts and human diseases was investigated.%人类微生物组计划Ⅰ期已经结束，作为该项目子项目之一的口腔微生物组项目，已经获得了海量的测序数据。本文综述了口腔微生物组（包括细菌、真菌、病毒和古细菌）的组成及多样性；通过分析患有特定疾病如龋病、牙周病、全身系统性疾病志愿者的口腔微生物组成，解析口腔微生物群落结构变化与疾病之间的相互联系。
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