To solve the problem of monitoring the evolvement of system safety risk state, this paper puts up a monitoring method of safety risk based on critical state and crucial component. First, the system's function, configuration and safety risk that the system encounters when working are analyzed. Based on the accident mechanism analysis, the system's safety risk state is identified. Then, the identification and calculating algorithm of critical state and crucial component are brought up. According to the critical state and crucial components, the detailed process of safety risk monitoring is present. Finally, the safety monitoring of a chemical system is carried out as an example. Result shows that this method is effective.%为解决安全风险状态演化过程的监控问题，提出一种基于临界状态和关键部件的系统安全风险监控方法．分析了系统功能结构及运行过程中所面临的危险，通过事故机理分析识别出系统的安全风险状态，并给出安全风险临界状态和关键部件的识别与获取算法，在此基础上，提出系统安全风险状态演化过程的监控方法．最后，以某化工反应系统安全风险监控问题为例进行分析，证明了本文理论与方法的有效性．
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