In order to study the origin and characteristics of American anthropology,this paper ex-plored four discipline frameworks:archaeology,physique,ecology,cultural anthropology proposed by Boas and his disciples.It is found that American anthropology is deeply influenced by German natural scientific empiricism and humanistic philosophy since its birth.Besides,it emphasizes the cultural spirit or ethos and pays attention to cultural history and culture interaction with the environment,which forms a unique American anthropology “cultural research tradition”;The debate about the “science and art”in the development of American anthropology brings about ethnographic narration crisis.%为研究美国人类学的发展渊源与特点，通过对博厄斯及其弟子提出的考古、体质、生态、文化人类学4个学科架构的论述，发现美国人类学自诞生之初就深受德国自然科学经验主义和人文哲学的影响，强调文化精神或民族气质，关注文化的历史性以及文化与环境的互动，形成独特的美国人类学“文化研究传统”；美国人类学发展中的“科学性与艺术性”之争，引发了民族志表述危机。
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