The traditional approach to control the emission of carbon dioxide is command and control,while all polluting sources are forced to cut emission uniformly.Cap and trade inherits the traditional approach to some extent,but allows polluting sources to trade emission permits.This method has the advantage of reducing costs in emission reduction in theory,but it has met a number of unexpected problems and controversies in its practice in the European Union and the United States.Summarizing the theoretical foundation and practical problems encountered by the U.S.and the E.U.will help promote cap and trade in China theoretically and practically.%控制二氧化碳排放的传统做法是依靠行政命令的手段,强行要求所有的排放源做到统一减排。总量管制与排放交易（简称限额交易）在一定程度上继承了行政命令的做法,但允许排放源之间自愿买卖二氧化碳的排放权。这种做法在理论上有节约减排成本的优点,然而在欧盟和美国的实践中却出现了一些问题和争议。总结梳理限额交易的经济学理论基础以及美国和欧盟在实践中的经验教训,对推进我国二氧化碳限额交易具有理论意义和实践价值。
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