Intrahepatic or extrahepatic metastasis of primary hepatic carcinoma (PHC) often occurs via various routes,which leads to treatment failure or recurrence after treatment.Almost 90％ of PHC patients die of metastasis.This article summarizes the common routes of PHC metastasis,including blood channel (the portal vein and the hepatic vein),lymphatic channel,biliary tract,direct invasion of adjacent organs,and implantation metastasis,and analyzes the basic features,clinical significance,and future research interests of each route of metastasis.It is pointed out that these routes are closely associated with anatomy.%原发性肝癌(PHC)常通过多种途径或方式向肝内外转移,从而导致治疗的失败或治疗后复发,PHC患者的死因中90％是由于转移.总结了PHC转移的常见途径:包括血道途径(门静脉途径和肝静脉途径)、淋巴道途径、胆道途径以及其他途径(临近器官直接侵犯和种植性转移),分析了每种转移途径的基本特征、临床意义以及未来的研究方向,认为这些转移途径与解剖学均有着密不可分的联系.
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