胎盘作为母亲与胎儿之间营养及信息交流的中介，在维持胎儿宫内生长和发育等方面发挥重要的作用。正常的胎盘形态是胎盘维持自身功能的基础，受妊娠期营养状态、生活方式、妊娠并发症及宫腔操作史等诸多因素的影响。这些因素直接或间接地影响胎盘绒毛血管的生长，进而导致胎盘形态的改变，出现轮状、多叶等异常形态的胎盘。形态失常的胎盘运输营养物质的能力以及代谢等功能下降，从而在一定程度上影响胎儿生长发育，临床上常表现为胎儿生长受限、小于胎龄儿、胎儿窘迫、死胎甚至死产等诸多不良妊娠结局。因此，了解影响胎盘形态的因素及其机制，从多方面加以评估预防，可在一定程度上降低妊娠和胎儿不良结局的发生。%Placenta, serve as a mediation of nutrition and information exchange between mother and fetus, plays a vital role in maintaining the intrauterine growth and development of fetus. Placental function is based on its normal shape. Placental shape is often influenced by many factors, such as mother′s nutritional status, lifestyle, complications of pregnancy and operation history of uterine cavity. Those factors may directly or indirectly affect the growth of villous angiogenesis, leading to abnormally changes in placental shape, such as circumvallate and multi-lobate placenta. Abnormally shaped placenta has low efficiency in nutrients transporting and metabolism function, which to some extent, affects fetal growth and development with clinical manifestations including fetal intrauterine growth restriction, small for gestation age, fetal distress and even stillbirth, and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, to understand those factors and their mechanisms that affect placental shape, and to evaluate and prevent those negative influence in many aspects, can reduce the adverse outcomes of pregnancy and fetal development to a certain extent.
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