This essay takes as a case the oath of Pu’er ethnic unity in Yunnan at the beginning of the People’s Republic and studies the historical and modern orientation towards the relationship be-tween cultural and national identity.This is the precondition for understanding the awareness of na-tional identity in multi-ethnic regions.Chinese traditional culture percolated through ethnic bounda-ries and formed the basis for the imagined community.At the same time,modern national crisis ac-celerated modern national identity of China.The oath ceremony of ethnic unity,almost a primitive one,including cattle-darting,oath-taking,monument erection,reflected the multi-ethnicity and multiculturalism of Chinese national identity,which is a snapshot of the national identity of modern China’s ethnic groups.%以建国初期云南普洱民族团结盟誓为具体案例，进而研究西南民族在文化认同与国家认同关系上的历史和现实定位，这是理解多民族地区国家认同意识最为重要的前提。中国传统的文化穿越了民族界线，成为一个共同体的想象基础，而近代民族国家的危机催生了现代意义的国家认同。正如普洱民族团结盟誓，以剽牛、盟誓、立碑这一近似原始的仪式，反映了中国西南边疆各民族在国家认同上的多元性和民族性，这正是现代中国各民族国家认同的一个历史缩影。
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