明末士人对于时文写作最为倾心，并进而对科举制度多有反思，他们虽意识到了制度设计方面的阙失，但他们认为更为关键的问题需归结到人的身上，是士子的空疏不学与功利计较导致了科举的鄙陋与世风的败坏，因此相应的补救或调整之法不在于调整或替换制度，而当重塑学风，改造士人的认识与治学态度。明末、清初士人对于科举的反思大致相同，但由于文化思潮、政治形势、个人遭际等方面的差别，他们对于科举的态度、尤其是在改造方案方面，存有巨大的反差。%Scholars in the late Ming dynasty paid most attention to the eight-legged essays,and had some reflections on the im-perial examination system.Though they found some defects in this examination system,they concluded that the cause of the key problems like the corrupt morality in the examination was related to the scholars' lack of knowledge and utilitarian orientation. Thus,the solutions to these problems were not the reform or replacement of the existing examination system but the improvement of the academic atmospheres as well as the scholars'altitudes towards learning and research.The scholars in the late Ming dy-nasty and the early Qing dynasty had similar reflections on the existing imperial examination system,but they had quite different attitudes towards the imperial examination,especially its reforms,due to different cultural and ideological trends,different po-litical situations and different personal backgrounds.
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