Using data from the survey “Health and Well-being of Rural Elderly ( HWRE )” in one district of Shaanxi province conducted in 2011, this paper examines the protective effect of New Rural Social Pension on the quality of life of the rural elderly , as well the moderating effect on association of family structure and quality of life . Gender differences in the protective and moderating effect of New Rural Social Pension is also explored .Findings show that the New Rural Social Pension significantly improved the quality of life of the rural elderly and the impact exit for both male and female .However , compared with the elderly who have at least one son , the quality of life of those who are childless or have only one child is significantly lower .The New Rural Social Pension is more likely to significantly improve the quality of life of the one-child elderly .There is a gender difference in the effect of family structure on the quality of life of the rural elderly; New Rural Social Pension significantly buffers the negative effect on quality of life of elderly women with one child .%文章利用2011年陕西省A市的“农村老年人健康与福利”调查数据，评估了新型农村社会养老保险对农村老人生存质量的促进效应和对家庭结构与老人生存质量的调节效应，以及两种效应的性别差异。研究结果表明，新型农村社会养老保险显著促进了老人的生存质量，且对两性均有效。研究也发现，在当前家庭结构变迁的背景下，相比有多孩且至少一子的老人，无子女和独生子女老人的生存质量显著降低，而新型农村社会养老保险更多地改善了独生子女老人的生存质量；新型农村社会养老保险的调节效应存在性别差异，独生子女家庭与女性老人生存质量被显著调节。
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