基于GIS和测土配方数据的晋北县域春玉米专用肥配方筛选

郭军玲; 王永亮; 郭彩霞; 金辉; 杨治平

摘要

Based on the data of soil testing and fertilizer recommendation project, we researched and screened the formulae of spring maize special compound fertilizer in Ying County in northern Shanxi Province by the GIS (geographic information system). We followed the principles of regional nitrogen (N) amount control and timing in critical growing stage, and soil available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) maintained at a rational level. Firstly, we collected soil testing data and “3414” field experiments data of spring maize in Ying County. The regional appropriate N application rate was 200 kg/hm2 by the fertilizer effect function method, among which 80 kg/hm2 was as base fertilizer applied before sowing while 120 kg/hm2 was as topdressing applied at large bell stage. Furthermore, we established the functional relationship between available nutrients (P and K) and relative yield, which was used to determine soil nutrient plenty-lack index of P and K. The results showed that soils were divided into low level (< 5 mg/kg), medium level (5-16 mg/kg), high level (16-26 mg/kg) and very high level (> 26 mg/kg) groups by P classification indices. As well as, on the basis of K classification indices, soils were divided into low level (< 30 mg/kg), medium level (30-105 mg/kg), high level (105-150 mg/kg) and very high level (>150 mg/kg) groups. According to spatial variability characteristics and classification indices of soil available P and K, we set up P and K recommended fertilization index system by the comprehensive utilization of the soil nutrient plenty-lack index method and the fertilizer effect function method. Based on the analytical data of 1374 soil samples, by using Kriging interpolation of GIS, we obtained the spatial variability maps of regional soil nutrient P and K. The results indicated that the spatial variability of available P and K was obvious. Because of this, the scientific management of soil available P and K and the rational use of P, K fertilizers were important for regional agricultural development. In additon, using GIS technology we also obtained the maps of regional N, P and K fertilizer recommended dosage, which showed that P fertilizer application rates of low-level, medium-level, high-level, very high-level soils were 90, 68, 45 and 30 kg/hm2, respectively, while K fertilizer application rates were 68, 45, 30 and 15 kg/hm2, respectively. The regional appropriate N application rate was 200 kg/hm2, of which 80 kg/hm2 was base fertilizer and 120 kg/hm2 was topdressing. After overlay analysis of N, P and K fertilizer recommended dosage maps by the GIS, we formed the spring maize formula figure for the county. The formula figure showed that there were 11 special fertilizer formulae with different proportion in the area, whose total nutrients were all designed to 45%. Through further screening study, we proposed 3 general regional N-P2O5-K2O formulae for spring maize in Ying County, which were 20-17-8, 17-19-9 and 21-12-12(NPK nutrient content ratios of special compound fertilizer, which total nutrient content was 45%). The areas of 3 general regional formulae followed the trend of 20-17-8 > 17-19-9 > 21-12-12. In order to evaluate 20-17-8 regional formula, we conducted the field trials. The results showed that the maize yield increased by 7.69 % with the designed regional formula in comparison with farmers’ habitual practice, but the difference was not significant. The other 2 formulae needed to be verified in the future research. With all results of analyses, we find that the GIS technology is a very effective means for studying the formula of regional special compound fertilizer, which helps us learn the regional soil nutrient condition and fertilizer demand situation intuitively. All in all, soil testing and fertilization technology combined with GIS technology can promote the application and popularization of soil testing and formula fertilizing project, and provide the theoretical basis for spring maize nutrients’ efficient utilization. By this way, we can improve the regional fertilization technology and promote the economy development of the area.%为改善当前施肥过高或过低等问题，促进区域合理施肥，该研究依据测土配方施肥项目田间试验数据和土样分析数据，以应县为研究区域，遵循“氮肥总量控制，分期调控及磷、钾恒量监控”的技术原理，利用地理信息系统（geographic information system，GIS）技术开展县域春玉米专用肥配方筛选研究。采用肥料效应函数法对测土配方施肥项目田间试验数据进行模拟分析，确定研究区域平均适宜施氮用量为200 kg/hm2，其中80 kg/hm2氮素作为播种前基肥，120 kg/hm2作为大喇叭口期追肥。综合利用养分丰缺指标法、肥料效应函数法建立磷、钾养分丰缺指标及磷、钾肥的推荐施肥指标体系。基于GIS技术形成区域土壤养分分布图、氮磷钾养分推荐用量图，制定区域氮磷钾养分配方图，并筛选出适合县域推广的春玉米专用肥大配方。结果表明，应县氮磷钾养分空间变异特征明显，形成的11个专用肥配方经筛选后最优春玉米专用肥配方为20-17-8（为专用肥氮磷钾养分含量比例，即N-P2O5-K2O，专用肥总养分45%）、17-19-9和21-12-12。该研究将GIS技术和测土配方施肥技术有机结合，促进了测土配方施肥项目结果推广应用，为县域春玉米养分资源高效利用提供了参考。

基于GIS和测土配方数据的晋北县域春玉米专用肥配方筛选

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