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《水科学与水工程》
>Ensuring water security by utilizing roof-harvested rainwater and lake water treated with a low-cost integrated adsorption-filtration system
Ensuring water security by utilizing roof-harvested rainwater and lake water treated with a low-cost integrated adsorption-filtration system
Drinking water is supplied through a centralized water supply system and may not be accessed by communities in rural areas of Malaysia.This study investigated the performance of a low-cost, self-prepared combined activated carbon and sand filtration（CACSF） system for roofharvested rainwater and lake water for potable use. Activated carbon was self-prepared using locally sourced coconut shell and was activated using commonly available salt rather than a high-tech procedure that requires a chemical reagent. The filtration chamber was comprised of local,readily available sand. The experiments were conducted with varying antecedent dry intervals（ADIs） of up to 15 d and lake water with varying initial chemical oxygen demand（COD） concentration. The CACSF system managed to produce effluents complying with the drinking water standards for the parameters p H, dissolved oxygen（DO）, biochemical oxygen demand（BOD5）, COD, total suspended solids（TSS）, and ammonia nitrogen（NH3-N）. The CACSF system successfully decreased the population of Escherichia coli（E. coli） in the influents to less than 30 CFU/m L. Samples with a higher population of E. coli（that is, greater than 30 CFU/m L） did not show 100% removal. The system also showed high potential as an alternative for treated drinking water for roof-harvested rainwater and class II lake water.
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