Evaluation and Design of Rainwater Harvesting System as an Alternative Water Source in Kabangwe Area of Lusaka-Zambia

声明

致谢

LIST OF ACRONYMS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.3 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

1.3.1 Specific Objectives

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.5 RATIONALE

1.6 STUDY AREA

1.6.1 Country Overview

1.6.2 National Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Coverage

1.6.3 Lusaka Province

1.6.4 Bio-Physical context

1.6.5 Rainfall and Hydrology

1.6.6 Groundwater Hydrogeology

1.6.7 Water Supply System

1.6.8 Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company

1.6.9 Existing Water Supply / Future Capacity necessary

1.6.10 Pipeline Distribution of Materials

1.6.11 Water Design Criteria

1.6.12 Kabangwe Area

2.LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 RAINWATER HARVESTING

2.1.1 Roof-Based Rainwater Collection Systems

2.2 ANCIENT RAINWATER HARVESTING PRACTICES

2.3 CURRENT INTERNATIONAL TRENDS OF RWH

2.4 RWH TECHNOLOGIES PRACTICED IN ZAMBIA

2.4.1 Roof Catchment

2.4.2 Sinking Well

2.4.3 Hemispherical Tanks

2.4.4 Small On-Farm Water Retention Structures

2.4.5 Rock Catchment

2.5 NON-POTABLE USE AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

2.5.1 Dual Distribution Systems

2.5.2 Advantages/Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting

2.5.3 Rainwater Harvesting Calculations

2.6 CLASSIFICATION OF WATER SERVICE LEVELS

2.7 WATER CONSUMPTION PATTERNS IN PERI-URBAN AREAS

2.8 STANDARDS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS IN ZAMBIA

2.9 MEETING THE HEALTH OBJECTIVES OF URBAN WATER SUPPLY

2.10 DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT PRACTICES AND THE USE OF SPRING WATER

3.MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1.1 List of Dependent and Independent Variables

3.1.2 Calculation of Roof and Land-based Rainwater Harvesting Potentials(RRWHp and LSWHp)

3.1.3 Storage Capacity of Roof Runoff

3.1.4 Storage Capacity of Land Runoff

3.2 TANK REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATION

3.2.1 Water Demand for Growing Tomatoes in Dry Season

3.3 MODEL PROCESS

3.3.1 EPA SWMM Model Results

3.4 DATA SOURCE

4.DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 POSSIBLE USES OF RAINWATER

4.2 DOMESTIC HOUSEHOLD WATER DEMAND REPLACEABLE BY RAINWATER

4.2.1 Annual Harvestable Roof Rainwater

4.2.2 First Flush

4.2.3 Storage Capacity

4.2.4 Demand and Supply Analysis

4.3 OUTDOOR WATER DEMAND (FARMING)

4.3.1 Annual Harvestable Land Rainwater

4.3.2 Storage Capacity

4.4 MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND PROPOSED LID DESIGN

4.5 UNDERGROUND STORAGE DESIGN

4.5.1 Storage 1

4.5.2 Storage 2

4.5.3 Storage 3

4.5.4 Elevated Tank-A

4.6 SWALE DESIGN

4.7 RESEARCH BENEFITS

4.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

5.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 CONCLUSIONS

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

参考文献