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Ceramic Mineral Waste-Forms for Nuclear Waste Immobilization

机译:用于固定核废料的陶瓷矿物废料形式

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摘要

Crystalline ceramics are intensively investigated as effective materials in various nuclear energy applications, such as inert matrix and accident tolerant fuels and nuclear waste immobilization. This paper presents an analysis of the current status of work in this field of material sciences. We have considered inorganic materials characterized by different structures, including simple oxides with fluorite structure, complex oxides (pyrochlore, murataite, zirconolite, perovskite, hollandite, garnet, crichtonite, freudenbergite, and P-pollucite), simple silicates (zircon/thorite/coffinite, titanite (sphen), britholite), framework silicates (zeolite, pollucite, nepheline /leucite, sodalite, cancrinite, micas structures), phosphates (monazite, xenotime, apatite, kosnarite (NZP), langbeinite, thorium phosphate diphosphate, struvite, meta-ankoleite), and aluminates with a magnetoplumbite structure. These materials can contain in their composition various cations in different combinations and ratios: Li–Cs, Tl, Ag, Be–Ba, Pb, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, B, Al, Fe, Ga, Sc, Cr, V, Sb, Nb, Ta, La, Ce, rare-earth elements (REEs), Si, Ti, Zr, Hf, Sn, Bi, Nb, Th, U, Np, Pu, Am and Cm. They can be prepared in the form of powders, including nano-powders, as well as in form of monolith (bulk) ceramics. To produce ceramics, cold pressing and sintering (frittage), hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing and spark plasma sintering (SPS) can be used. The SPS method is now considered as one of most promising in applications with actual radioactive substances, enabling a densification of up to 98–99.9% to be achieved in a few minutes. Characteristics of the structures obtained (e.g., syngony, unit cell parameters, drawings) are described based upon an analysis of 462 publications.
机译:广泛研究了晶体陶瓷作为各种核能应用中的有效材料,例如惰性基质和耐事故燃料以及固定化核废料。本文对材料科学领域的工作现状进行了分析。我们已经考虑了具有不同结构特征的无机材料,包括具有萤石结构的简单氧化物,复杂的氧化物(烧绿石,锰铁矿,锆石,钙钛矿,钙铁矿,石榴石,辉石,辉沸石,P-硅藻土),简单的硅酸盐(锆石/硫铁矿/ coffinite) ,钛铁矿(sphen),百硫铁矿),骨架硅酸盐(沸石,花岗石,霞石/白云母,方钠石,铅锌矿,云母结构),磷酸盐(独居石,异石,磷灰石,磷灰石(NZP),朗贝石,磷酸二氢th,鸟粪石,偏硅酸盐-ankoleite),并具有磁铅石结构的铝酸盐。这些材料在其成分中可以包含不同组合和比率的各种阳离子:Li–Cs,Tl,Ag,Be–Ba,Pb,Mn,Co,Ni,Cu,Cd,B,Al,Fe,Ga,Sc,Cr ,V,Sb,Nb,Ta,La,Ce,稀土元素(REE),Si,Ti,Zr,Hf,Sn,Bi,Nb,Th,U,Np,Pu,Am和Cm它们可以制备成粉末形式,包括纳米粉末,也可以制备成整块(块状)陶瓷。为了生产陶瓷,可以使用冷压和烧结(压裂),热压,热等静压和火花等离子烧结(SPS)。现在,在实际放射性物质的应用中,SPS方法被认为是最有前途的方法之一,可以在几分钟内实现高达98-99.9%的致密化。基于对462种出版物的分析,描述了所获得的结构的特征(例如,同构,晶胞参数,附图)。

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