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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Materials >Fracture Behavior of Bio-Inspired Functionally Graded Soft–Hard Composites Made by Multi-Material 3D Printing: The Case of Colinear Cracks
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Fracture Behavior of Bio-Inspired Functionally Graded Soft–Hard Composites Made by Multi-Material 3D Printing: The Case of Colinear Cracks

机译：多材料3D打印制成的具有生物启发性的功能梯度软硬复合材料的断裂行为：共线裂纹的情况

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The functional gradient is a concept often occurring in nature. This concept can be implemented in the design and fabrication of advanced materials with specific functionalities and properties. Functionally graded materials (FGMs) can effectively eliminate the interface problems in extremely hard–soft connections, and, thus, have numerous and diverse applications in high-tech industries, such as those in biomedical and aerospace fields. Here, using voxel-based multi-material additive manufacturing (AM, = 3D printing) techniques, which works on the basis of material jetting, we studied the fracture behavior of functionally graded soft–hard composites with a pre-existing crack colinear with the gradient direction. We designed, additively manufactured, and mechanically tested the two main types of functionally graded composites, namely, composites with step-wise and continuous gradients. In addition, we changed the length of the transition zone between the hard and soft materials such that it covered 5%, 25%, 50%, or 100% of the width (W) of the specimens. The results showed that except for the fracture strain, the fracture properties of the graded specimens decreased as the length of the transition zone increased. Additionally, it was found that specimens with abrupt hard–soft transitions have significantly better fracture properties than those with continuous gradients. Among the composites with gradients, those with step-wise gradients showed a slightly better fracture resistance compared to those with continuous gradients. In contrast, FGMs with continuous gradients showed higher values of elastic stiffness and fracture energy, which makes each gradient function suitable for different loading scenarios. Moreover, regardless of the gradient function used in the design of the specimens, decreasing the length of the transition zone from 100%W to 5%W increased the fracture resistance of FGMs. We discuss the important underlying fracture mechanisms using data collected from digital image correlation (DIC), digital image microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which were used to analyze the fracture surface.
机译：功能梯度是自然界中经常发生的一个概念。此概念可以在具有特定功能和特性的高级材料的设计和制造中实现。功能梯度材料（FGM）可以有效消除软硬连接中的界面问题，因此在高科技行业（如生物医学和航空航天领域）具有广泛而多样的应用。在这里，我们使用基于体素的多材料增材制造（AM，= 3D打印）技术（在材料喷射的基础上进行工作），研究了功能梯度的软硬复合材料的断裂行为，该复合材料预先存在与裂纹共线的裂纹。梯度方向。我们设计，加法制造和机械测试了功能梯度复合材料的两种主要类型，即具有逐步和连续梯度的复合材料。此外，我们更改了硬材料和软材料之间的过渡区域的长度，以使其覆盖了样品宽度（W）的5％，25％，50％或100％。结果表明，除了断裂应变，随着过渡区长度的增加，梯度试样的断裂性能降低。此外，还发现，具有陡峭的软-软过渡的试样比具有连续梯度的试样具有明显更好的断裂性能。在具有梯度的复合材料中，与具有连续梯度的复合材料相比，具有逐步梯度的复合材料显示出略微更好的抗断裂性。相反，具有连续梯度的FGM显示出较高的弹性刚度和断裂能值，这使得每个梯度函数都适用于不同的载荷情况。此外，不管在样品设计中使用的梯度函数如何，将过渡区的长度从100％W减小到5％W都会增加FGM的抗断裂性。我们使用从数字图像相关性（DIC），数字图像显微镜和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）收集的数据讨论了重要的潜在断裂机制，这些数据被用于分析裂缝表面。

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