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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Genes >Insights into Avian Incomplete Dosage Compensation: Sex-Biased Gene Expression Coevolves with Sex Chromosome Degeneration in the Common Whitethroat
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Insights into Avian Incomplete Dosage Compensation: Sex-Biased Gene Expression Coevolves with Sex Chromosome Degeneration in the Common Whitethroat

机译：禽不完全剂量补偿的见解：性别偏见的基因表达与普通白喉中的性染色体变性共同发展

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Non-recombining sex chromosomes (Y and W) accumulate deleterious mutations and degenerate. This poses a problem for the heterogametic sex (XY males; ZW females) because a single functional gene copy often implies less gene expression and a potential imbalance of crucial expression networks. Mammals counteract this by dosage compensation, resulting in equal sex chromosome expression in males and females, whereas birds show incomplete dosage compensation with significantly lower expression in females (ZW). Here, we study the evolution of Z and W sequence divergence and sex-specific gene expression in the common whitethroat (Sylvia communis), a species within the Sylvioidea clade where a neo-sex chromosome has been formed by a fusion between an autosome and the ancestral sex chromosome. In line with data from other birds, females had lower expression than males at the majority of sex-linked genes. Results from the neo-sex chromosome region showed that W gametologs have diverged functionally to a higher extent than their Z counterparts, and that the female-to-male expression ratio correlated negatively with the degree of functional divergence of these gametologs. We find it most likely that sex-linked genes are being suppressed in females as a response to W chromosome degradation, rather than that these genes experience relaxed selection, and thus diverge more, by having low female expression. Overall, our data of this unique avian neo-sex chromosome system suggest that incomplete dosage compensation evolves, at least partly, through gradual accumulation of deleterious mutations at the W chromosome and declining female gene expression.
机译：非重组性染色体（Y和W）会累积有害的突变并退化。这给异性配子性别（XY雄性； ZW雌性）带来了一个问题，因为单个功能基因拷贝通常意味着较少的基因表达和关键表达网络的潜在失衡。哺乳动物通过剂量补偿抵消了这一点，导致雄性和雌性中的相等性别染色体表达，而鸟类显示出不完全的剂量补偿，而雌性（ZW）表达则明显降低。在这里，我们研究了普通白喉（Sylvia communis）中的Z和W序列分歧和性别特异性基因表达的进化，该白喉属于Sylvioidea进化枝中的一种，其中常染色体和常染色体的融合形成了新性染色体。祖先性染色体。与其他鸟类的数据一致，在大多数与性相关的基因上，雌性的表达低于雄性。新性染色体区域的结果表明，W配子同源物的功能分化程度高于Z配子，并且雌雄表达比与这些配子同源物的功能分化程度呈负相关。我们发现最有可能是女性对W染色体降解的反应抑制了性相关基因，而不是这些基因由于雌性表达低而经历了轻松的选择，因此差异更大。总的来说，我们关于这种独特的禽类新性染色体系统的数据表明，不完全的剂量补偿至少部分是通过W染色体上有害突变的逐渐积累和女性基因表达的下降而发展的。

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