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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Frontiers in Psychology >Developmental Changes in Natural Viewing Behavior: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Differences between Children Young Adults and Older Adults
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Developmental Changes in Natural Viewing Behavior: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Differences between Children Young Adults and Older Adults

机译：自然观看行为的发育变化：儿童年轻人和老年人之间自下而上和自上而下的差异

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Despite the growing interest in fixation selection under natural conditions, there is a major gap in the literature concerning its developmental aspects. Early in life, bottom-up processes, such as local image feature – color, luminance contrast etc. – guided viewing, might be prominent but later overshadowed by more top-down processing. Moreover, with decline in visual functioning in old age, bottom-up processing is known to suffer. Here we recorded eye movements of 7- to 9-year-old children, 19- to 27-year-old adults, and older adults above 72 years of age while they viewed natural and complex images before performing a patch-recognition task. Task performance displayed the classical inverted U-shape, with young adults outperforming the other age groups. Fixation discrimination performance of local feature values dropped with age. Whereas children displayed the highest feature values at fixated points, suggesting a bottom-up mechanism, older adult viewing behavior was less feature-dependent, reminiscent of a top-down strategy. Importantly, we observed a double dissociation between children and elderly regarding the effects of active viewing on feature-related viewing: Explorativeness correlated with feature-related viewing negatively in young age, and positively in older adults. The results indicate that, with age, bottom-up fixation selection loses strength and/or the role of top-down processes becomes more important. Older adults who increase their feature-related viewing by being more explorative make use of this low-level information and perform better in the task. The present study thus reveals an important developmental change in natural and task-guided viewing.
机译：尽管人们越来越关注自然条件下的固定选择，但有关其发展方面的文献仍存在很大差距。在生命的早期，自下而上的过程（例如局部图像特征-颜色，亮度对比度等）-引导式查看可能会很突出，但后来又被更多的自上而下的处理所掩盖。此外，随着老年视觉功能的下降，自下而上的处理受到损害。在这里，我们记录了7至9岁的儿童，19至27岁的成年人以及72岁以上的老年人的眼球运动，他们在执行补丁识别任务之前先观看了自然而复杂的图像。任务表现显示出经典的倒U形，年轻人的表现优于其他年龄组。局部特征值的注视识别性能随着年龄的增长而下降。儿童在固定点上显示出最高的功能值，这表明自下而上的机制，而成年人的观看行为则较少依赖功能，这让人联想到自上而下的策略。重要的是，我们观察到儿童和老年人在主动观看对与特征相关的观看的影响上存在双重分离：探索性与与特征相关的观看相关，在年轻人中呈负相关，在成年人中呈正相关。结果表明，随着年龄的增长，自下而上的固定选择会失去力量和/或自上而下的过程的作用变得更加重要。通过更具探索性的方式来增加与功能相关的观看的老年人可以利用此底层信息，并在任务中表现更好。因此，本研究揭示了自然和任务指导观看的重要发展变化。

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