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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Frontiers in Human Neuroscience >Establishing Shot Type Affects Arousal and Cognitive Load During Transitions Between Novel Interior Locations in Films
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Establishing Shot Type Affects Arousal and Cognitive Load During Transitions Between Novel Interior Locations in Films

机译：建立镜头类型会影响电影中新颖的内部位置之间的转换过程中的唤醒和认知负荷

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An “establishing shot” prefaces a scene in a movie with a wide shot of the scene’s location. It is meant to help viewers process a shift to a new location. Establishing shots can depict the actors in the space in which they will be acting, the exterior of a building, or the larger geographic context of the scene. While use of an establishing shot is standard filmmaking practice, some argue that establishing shots are unnecessary. This study sought to investigate how effective four types of establishing shots are at helping viewers process location shifts. Pupil diameter was recorded using a MangoldVision eye tracking system as a measure of arousal and cognitive load. Oxygenation levels in the prefrontal cortex provided an additional measure of cognitive load assessed through functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We expected scene transitions to be followed by transient increases in pupil diameter and oxygenation levels, suggesting increased cognitive load and arousal. We predicted that participants should experience less cognitive load and arousal after a transition to a new scene when that scene has been prefaced with an establishing shot and that these effects would be greatest for establishing shots that depict actors. We found that geographic establishing shots produced significantly lower average pupil diameter than all other establishing shot types and the use of no establishing shot. Actors establishing shots elicited significantly lower average pupil diameter values than the use of no establishing shot. Maximum and average oxygenation values for the actors establishing shot condition were significantly higher than for the exterior establishing shot condition. An alpha level of 0.05 was used for all analyses. These results suggest differences between pupil diameter and fNIRS in terms of the psychological phenomenon they measure, and may inform the design of future films.
机译：“定格镜头”是电影中场景的开头，其中包含场景位置的宽镜头。它旨在帮助观众处理向新位置的转移。确定镜头可以描绘演员将在其表演的空间，建筑物的外部或场景的较大地理环境中的行为。虽然使用定格镜头是标准的摄制方法，但有人认为定格镜头是不必要的。这项研究旨在调查四种类型的镜头拍摄如何有效帮助观众处理位置偏移。使用MangoldVision眼动追踪系统记录瞳孔直径，作为唤醒和认知负荷的量度。前额叶皮层中的氧合水平通过功能性近红外光谱（fNIRS）评估了认知负荷的其他指标。我们预计场景转换后瞳孔直径和氧合水平会暂时增加，这表明认知负荷和唤醒增加。我们预测，当一个场景过渡到一个新的场景开始时，参与者在过渡到一个新场景后应该会遇到较少的认知负荷和唤醒感，并且这些效果对于建立描绘演员的场景而言将是最大的。我们发现，与所有其他确定镜头类型相比，地理确定镜头产生的平均瞳孔直径要低得多，并且不使用确定镜头。与没有建立镜头的行为相比，建立镜头的行为者产生的平均瞳孔直径值要低得多。确立射击条件的演员的最大和平均氧合值显着高于外部确立射击条件的演员。所有分析均使用0.05的alpha值。这些结果表明，就学生所测量的心理现象而言，瞳孔直径和fNIRS之间存在差异，并可能为未来电影的设计提供依据。

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