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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Global emissions of refrigerants HCFC-22 and HFC-134a: Unforeseen seasonal contributions
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Global emissions of refrigerants HCFC-22 and HFC-134a: Unforeseen seasonal contributions

机译：制冷剂HCFC-22和HFC-134a的全球排放量：不可预测的季节性贡献

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摘要

HCFC-22 (CHClF2) and HFC-134a (CH2FCF3) are two major gases currently used worldwide in domestic and commercial refrigeration and air conditioning. HCFC-22 contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion, and both species are potent greenhouse gases. In this work, we study in situ observations of HCFC-22 and HFC-134a taken from research aircraft over the Pacific Ocean in a 3-y span [HIaper-Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) 2009–2011] and combine these data with long-term ground observations from global surface sites [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) networks]. We find the global annual emissions of HCFC-22 and HFC-134a have increased substantially over the past two decades. Emissions of HFC-134a are consistently higher compared with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) inventory since 2000, by 60% more in recent years (2009–2012). Apart from these decadal emission constraints, we also quantify recent seasonal emission patterns showing that summertime emissions of HCFC-22 and HFC-134a are two to three times higher than wintertime emissions. This unforeseen large seasonal variation indicates that unaccounted mechanisms controlling refrigerant gas emissions are missing in the existing inventory estimates. Possible mechanisms enhancing refrigerant losses in summer are (i) higher vapor pressure in the sealed compartment of the system at summer high temperatures and (ii) more frequent use and service of refrigerators and air conditioners in summer months. Our results suggest that engineering (e.g., better temperature/vibration-resistant system sealing and new system design of more compact/efficient components) and regulatory (e.g., reinforcing system service regulations) steps to improve containment of these gases from working devices could effectively reduce their release to the atmosphere.
机译：HCFC-22（CHClF2）和HFC-134a（CH2FCF3）是目前全球范围内在家用和商用制冷与空调中使用的两种主要气体。 HCFC-22导致平流层臭氧消耗，这两种物质都是强力温室气体。在这项工作中，我们研究了在3年的跨度中从太平洋上空的研究飞机上采集的HCFC-22和HFC-134a的实地观测[2009-2011年高极点观测（HIPPO）”，并将这些结合起来来自全球地面站点的长期地面观测数据[国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）和高级全球大气气体实验（AGAGE）网络]。我们发现，在过去的二十年中，全球HCFC-22和HFC-134a的年度排放量大量增加。自2000年以来，与《联合国气候变化框架公约》（UNFCCC）清单相比，HFC-134a的排放量一直较高，近年来（2009-2012年）增加了60％。除了这些年代际排放限制外，我们还对最近的季节性排放模式进行了量化，显示出HCFC-22和HFC-134a的夏季排放量是冬季排放量的两到三倍。这种不可预见的大的季节性变化表明，现有库存估算中缺少控制制冷剂气体排放的未知机制。夏季增加制冷剂损失的可能机制是：（i）在夏季高温下系统密封室中的蒸气压更高；（ii）在夏季月份更频繁地使用和维修冰箱和空调。我们的结果表明，工程（例如，更好的温度/振动系统密封性和更紧凑/更高效的组件的新系统设计）和法规（例如，加强系统服务法规）步骤可改善工作设备中这些气体的含量，可有效减少它们释放到大气中。

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