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From the Cover: Crop intensification land use and on-farm energy-use efficiency during the worldwide spread of the green revolution

机译:从封面开始:在绿色革命的全球蔓延期间农作物集约化土地利用和农场能源利用效率

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摘要

We analyzed crop production, physical inputs, and land use at the country level to assess technological changes behind the threefold increase in global crop production from 1961 to 2014. We translated machinery, fuel, and fertilizer to embedded energy units that, when summed up, provided a measure of agricultural intensification (human subsidy per hectare) for crops in the 58 countries responsible for 95% of global production. Worldwide, there was a 137% increase in input use per hectare, reaching 13 EJ, or 2.6% of the world’s primary energy supply, versus only a 10% increase in land use. Intensification was marked in Asia and Latin America, where input-use levels reached those that North America and Europe had in the earlier years of the period; the increase was more accentuated, irrespective of continent, for the 12 countries with mostly irrigated production. Half of the countries (28/58), mainly developed ones, had an average subsidy >5 GJ/ha/y (with fertilizers accounting for 27% in 1961 and 45% in 2014), with most of them (23/28) using about the same area or less than in 1961 (net land sparing of 31 Mha). Most of the remaining countries (24/30 with inputs <5 GJ/ha/y), mainly developing ones, increased their cropped area (net land extensification of 135 Mha). Overall, energy-use efficiency (crop output/inputs) followed a U-shaped trajectory starting at about 3 and finishing close to 4. The prospects of a more sustainable intensification are discussed, and the inadequacy of the land-sparing model expectation of protecting wilderness via intensified agriculture is highlighted.
机译:我们分析了国家/地区级的农作物产量,物理投入和土地使用情况,以评估1961年至2014年全球农作物产量增长三倍的技术变化。我们将机械,燃料和化肥转换为嵌入式能源单位,总结起来,提供了占全球产量95%的58个国家的农作物集约化耕作措施(每公顷人工补贴)。在全球范围内,每公顷投入使用增加了137%,达到13 EJ,占世界一次能源供应量的2.6%,而土地使用仅增加了10%。亚洲和拉丁美洲的集约化趋势明显,那里的投入使用水平达到了该时期初期北美和欧洲的水平。无论是哪个洲,对于大部分灌溉产品最多的12个国家,其增长更为明显。半数国家(28/58)主要是发达国家,平均补贴> 5 GJ / ha / y(化肥在1961年占27%,在2014年占45%),其中大多数(23/28)使用的面积大致相同或少于1961年(土地净节约量为31 Mha)。其余大多数国家(24/30,投入物<5 GJ / ha / y),主要是发展中国家,增加了种植面积(土地面积净扩大为135 Mha)。总体而言,能源利用效率(作物产出/投入)遵循U形轨迹,从大约3开始,接近4。最终讨论了可持续集约化的前景,以及土地保护模式对保护土地的期望不足通过集约化农业突出了荒野。

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