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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Royal Society Open Science >Do pet dogs (Canis familiaris) follow ostensive and non-ostensive human gaze to distant space and to objects?
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Do pet dogs (Canis familiaris) follow ostensive and non-ostensive human gaze to distant space and to objects?

机译：宠物狗（犬似犬）是否会跟随人的目光注视着远处的空间和物体？

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Dogs are renowned for being skilful at using human-given communicative cues such as pointing. Results are contradictory, however, when it comes to dogs' following human gaze, probably due to methodological discrepancies. Here we investigated whether dogs follow human gaze to one of two food locations better than into distant space even after comparable pre-training. In Experiments 1 and 2, the gazing direction of dogs was recorded in a gaze-following into distant space and in an object-choice task where no choice was allowed, in order to allow a direct comparison between tasks, varying the ostensive nature of the gazes. We found that dogs only followed repeated ostensive human gaze into distant space, whereas they followed all gaze cues in the object-choice task. Dogs followed human gaze better in the object-choice task than when there was no obvious target to look at. In Experiment 3, dogs were tested in another object-choice task and were allowed to approach a container. Ostensive cues facilitated the dogs’ following gaze with gaze as well as their choices: we found that dogs in the ostensive group chose the indicated container at chance level, whereas they avoided this container in the non-ostensive group. We propose that dogs may perceive the object-choice task as a competition over food and may interpret non-ostensive gaze as an intentional cue that indicates the experimenter's interest in the food location she has looked at. Whether ostensive cues simply mitigate the competitive perception of this situation or they alter how dogs interpret communicative gaze needs further investigation. Our findings also show that following gaze with one's gaze and actually choosing one of the two containers in an object-choice task need to be considered as different variables. The present study clarifies a number of questions related to gaze-following in dogs and adds to a growing body of evidence showing that human ostensive cues can strongly modify dog behaviour.
机译：狗因善于运用人际交往提示（例如指向）而娴熟。但是，结果可能是由于方法上的差异而导致的，当涉及狗的人注视时，结果是矛盾的。在这里，我们调查了即使经过类似的预训练，狗是否也能更好地跟随人注视两个食物位置之一而不是进入遥远的空间。在实验1和2中，将狗的注视方向记录在注视中，然后注视到遥远的空间中，并且在不允许选择的对象选择任务中进行记录，以允许在任务之间进行直接比较，从而改变狗的表面性质。注视。我们发现狗只在反复的表面人类注视下进入遥远的空间，而在对象选择任务中却遵循所有注视线索。在没有选择目标的情况下，狗在选择对象的任务中能更好地跟随人类的目光。在实验3中，在另一项选择对象的任务中对狗进行了测试，并允许其接近容器。暗示性提示有助于狗的注视和选择的注意：我们发现，表面张力组的狗在偶然的机会水平上选择了指示的容器，而在非表面张力组中的狗则避免使用该容器。我们建议狗可以将选择对象的任务视为对食物的竞争，并且可以将无表情的注视解释为故意暗示，表明实验者对所看食物的位置感兴趣。暗示性提示是否只是减轻了对这种情况的竞争性感知，还是改变了狗对交往凝视的理解方式，还需要进一步研究。我们的研究结果还表明，在凝视一个人的目光之后，实际上在选择对象的任务中选择两个容器之一需要被视为不同的变量。本研究阐明了与狗的注视跟随有关的许多问题，并增加了越来越多的证据表明，人的表面暗示可以强烈改变狗的行为。

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